The enduring consequences of human presence on marine resources of the Bay of Islands, from about 1300 AD, include the extinction of marine mammals and seabirds; extirpation of seabirds and of one mollusc; and the fishing-down to low levels of many fish and shellfish species. The most-tangible manifestation of this today is to be found in the widespread loss of shallow-reef kelp. Most worrisome is that the full implications of such widespread ecological transformation are poorly understood.
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