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a50
|
Either the age at which 50% of fish are mature (AM) or 50% are recruited to the fishery (AR).
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AM
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AM
|
The age at which fish, of a given sex, are considered to be reproductively mature.
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Age at Maturity
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a50
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AR
|
The age when fish are considered to be recruited to the fishery. In stock assessments, this is usually the youngest age group considered in the analyses.
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Age of recruitment
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a50
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ato95
|
The number of ages between the age at which 50% of a stock is mature (or recruited) and the age at which 95% of the stock is mature (or recruited).
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Abundance index
|
A quantitative measure of fish density or abundance, usually as a time series. An abundance index can be specific to an area or to a segment of the population (eg mature fish), or it can refer to abundance stock-wide; the index can reflect abundance in numbers or in weight (biomass).
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Index
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ACE
|
An entitlement to harvest a quantity of fish, aquatic life, seaweed or other stock, taken in accordance with a fishing permit and any conditions and limitations imposed by or under the Fisheries Act 1996. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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Annual Catch Entitlement
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Acoustic survey
|
High-tech sonar equipment used to find aggregations of fish and estimate the total biomass. Sound waves are sent out from a research vessel, strike schools of fish and are reflected back. As the energy of the sound waves is known it is theoretically possible to estimate the biomass; however it is also necessary to know the species of fish and their individual target strengths.
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Act
|
A law passed by Parliament.
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Statute
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|
Aerial survey
|
A method of gathering information on movements and density of fish near the surface by visual observation and photography from low-flying aircraft.
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Age at Maturity
|
The age at which fish, of a given sex, are considered to be reproductively mature.
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AM
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a50
|
|
Age composition
|
The proportions of fish of different ages in the stock, or in the catch taken by either the commercial fishery or research fishing. This is often estimated based on a sample.
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|
Age frequency
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|
Age frequency
|
The proportions of fish of different ages in the stock, or in the catch taken by either the commercial fishery or research fishing. This is often estimated based on a sample.
|
|
Age composition
|
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|
Age of recruitment
|
The age when fish are considered to be recruited to the fishery. In stock assessments, this is usually the youngest age group considered in the analyses.
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AR
|
|
a50
|
|
Age-length composition
|
The proportion of fish of each age in each length-group in a catch (or stock) of fish. Tables of yearly age–length composition of catches provide the input for cohort analysis (see cohort analysis).
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|
Age-length key
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Age-length curve
|
A curve that shows the relation of length and age; it is a simplification of an age–length key.
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|
Age-length key
|
The proportion of fish of each age in each length-group in a catch (or stock) of fish. Tables of yearly age–length composition of catches provide the input for cohort analysis (see cohort analysis).
|
|
Age-length composition
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|
Age-structured assessment
|
An assessment of the status of a fish stock that uses an assessment model to estimate how the numbers at age in the stock vary over time.
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|
Age-structured stock assessment
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|
Age-structured stock assessment
|
An assessment of the status of a fish stock that uses an assessment model to estimate how the numbers at age in the stock vary over time.
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|
Age-structured assessment
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|
Aggregation
|
A group (usually large) of fish of a single species that comes together to feed or spawn - or for other unknown reasons.
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Aging technique
|
A method of determining the ages of fish, most often done by counting daily or seasonal rings laid down in hard parts of the fish body, such as otoliths, scales or vertebrae.
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Ahi kaa
|
Occupation rights.
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Ahumoana
|
Fishing industry; fish farming.
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|
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Aihe
|
Dolphin.
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Albacore
|
A temperate tuna species widely distributed throughout the Pacific. Two albacore stocks (North and South Pacific) are recognised in the Pacific Ocean based on location and seasons of spawning, low longline catch rates in equatorial waters and tag recovery information. The South Pacific albacore stock is distributed from the coast of Australia and archipelagic waters of Papua New Guinea eastward to the coast of South America south of the equator to at least 49ºS. Until the age of maturity (about 5 years) they are found in surface waters, where they are targeted by trolling. Some adult albacore are also caught using surface gears but, as a result of their deeper distribution, they are mainly caught using longlines.
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Thunnus alulunga
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Amending legislation
|
Legislation that changes principal legislation.
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Anadromous
|
Species that reproduce in and inhabit fresh water, but usually journey out to the ocean (often thousands of miles) before returning to spawn. They include salmon, steelhead trout, striped bass, Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons and some herring, although salmon is by far the most important commercially.
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Analogues
|
An umbrella term encompassing all MSY-related reference points (ie BMSY, FMSY and MSY) as well as the analytical and conceptual proxies for each of these. The term “proxies” is therefore a subset of “analogues”.
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Annual Catch Entitlement
|
An entitlement to harvest a quantity of fish, aquatic life, seaweed or other stock, taken in accordance with a fishing permit and any conditions and limitations imposed by or under the Fisheries Act 1996. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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ACE
|
|
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|
Annual deemed value
|
If reported catch for the fishing year is more than fishers’ ACE on the 15th day of the month following the end of the fishing year, they are charged an annual deemed value. The annual deemed value is calculated by multiplying the total amount overfished for the year, by the annual deemed value rate for that stock. For some stocks, a differential annual deemed value is used (so that the greater the overcatch, the higher the deemed value rate is). Any interim deemed values that have already been paid are deducted.
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|
Deemed value; Interim deemed value
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Apure ika
|
Local fishing zone.
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Apure moana
|
Marine reserve.
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Tapui tai moana
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Aquaculture
|
The farming of fish or shellfish. The most common species currently being farmed in New Zealand are mussels, oysters and salmon. Aquaculture activities is defined in the Resource Management Act 1991. Aquaculture industry is defined in the Commodity Levies (Mussel, Oyster, and Salmon) Order 2007. Marine farming is defined in the Fisheries Act 1983.
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Marine Farming
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Aquatic environment
|
The natural and biological resources that make up the aquatic ecosystem, including all aquatic life and the oceans, seas, coastal areas, intertidal areas, estuaries, rivers, lakes and other places where aquatic life exists. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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Arawaru
|
Freshwater eel.
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Archipelagic state
|
A State constituted wholly by one or more archipelagos and may include other islands. an archipelago as a group of islands, including parts of islands, inter-connecting waters and other natural features which are so closely inter-related that such islands, waters and other natural features form an intrinsic geographical, economic and political entity, or which historically have been regarded as such. These definitions do not include mainland States which possess non-coastal archipelagos, such as Denmark (with the Faroe Islands), Ecuador (with the Galapagos Islands) or Spain (with the Canary Islands) but would appear to embrace a number of States which would not normally consider themselves to be archipelagic States, such as Japan, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Such States may draw straight archipelagic baselines which join the outermost points of the outermost islands and drying reefs of the archipelago.
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Archival tag
|
An implanted fish tag that detects and records (‘archives’) several environmental variables (for example, water temperature and pressure) over time. These tags give a unique record of the movements and behaviour of individual fish. Some tag types can transmit data to satellites.
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Argos
|
A worldwide tracking and environmental monitoring system of any mobile or fixed station fitted with an Argos transmitter. The information relayed via Argos is used for numerous applications ranging from ocean observations and wildlife protection to fisheries management. Refer to www.argos-sytem.org for more information.
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Arokehe
|
Black eel.
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Artisanal fishing
|
Fishing for subsistence by coastal or island ethnic groups using traditional methods.
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Associated and/or dependent species
|
Species taken or otherwise affected by the taking of any harvested species. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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Dependent and/or associated species
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Atiutiu
|
Shellfish.
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B
|
The size of the stock in units of weight. Often, biomass refers to only one part of the stock (eg spawning biomass, recruited biomass or vulnerable biomass, the latter two of which are essentially equivalent).
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Biomass
|
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B0
|
The theoretical carrying capacity of the recruited or vulnerable biomass of a fish stock. In some cases, it refers to the average biomass of the stock in the years before fishing started. More generally, it is the average over recent years of the biomass that theoretically would have occurred if the stock had never been fished. B0 is often estimated from stock modelling and various percentages of it (e.g. 40% B0) are used as biological reference points (BRPs) to assess the relative status of a stock.
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|
Virgin biomass
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BAV
|
The average historic recruited biomass.
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BBEG
|
The estimated stock biomass at the beginning of the fishing year.
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BCURRENT
|
Current biomass (usually a mid-year biomass).
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BLIM
|
The point beyond which the risk to the stock is regarded as unacceptably high (terminology used, for example, by ICES).
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Biomass limit reference point
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BMEY
|
Average biomass corresponding to maximum economic yield as estimated from the assessment model applied.
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|
Biomass at maximum economic yield, BMEY
|
BMEY
|
|
BMSY
|
The average stock biomass that results from taking an average catch of MSY under various types of harvest strategies. Often expressed in terms of spawning biomass, but may also be expressed as recruited or vulnerable biomass. BMSY is a common fisheries management target.
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BMSY
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BMSY
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BYEAR
|
Estimated or predicted biomass in the named year (usually a mid-year biomass).
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Bait net
|
A net used to catch bait fish for activities such as longlining and pole-and-line fishing.
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Bayesian analysis
|
An approach to stock assessment that provides estimates of uncertainty (posterior distributions) of the quantities of interest in the assessment. The method allows the initial uncertainty (that before the data are considered) to be described in the form of priors. If the data are informative, they will determine the posterior distributions; if they are uninformative, the posteriors will resemble the priors. The initial model runs are called MPD (mode of the posterior distribution) runs, and provide point estimates only, with no uncertainty. Final runs (Markov Chain Monte Carlo runs or MCMCs), which are often very time consuming, provide both point estimates and estimates of uncertainty.
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|
Markov Chain Monte Carlo; Mode of the (joint) posterior distribution
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BCTO
|
An arrangement under the Fisheries Act 1983, whereby a fisher could use quota for one species to cover bycatch for which no quota was held; repealed under the Fisheries Act 1996.
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|
By Catch Trade-Off
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|
|
Beach cast seaweed
|
Seaweed of any species that is unattached and cast ashore. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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|
Beach seining
|
A fishing method where a net and a length of rope are used to surround fish out from and back to the shore and retrieved by hauling onto the shore. This term is defined by the Fisheries (Commercial Fishing) Regulations 2001 and various other commercial and amateur fishing regulations.
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|
Drag netting
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|
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Benthic
|
The bottom of a sea, lake or river.
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Benthic Protection Area
|
Any area established by the Fisheries (Benthic Protection Areas) Regulations 2007 as being a BPA.
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BPA
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Benthic species
|
Animals, plants, or other organisms living near, on, or within the seafloor sediments.
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|
Epibenthic species; Infaunal species
|
|
Bigeye
|
A widely-distributed species of tuna, ranging between 50oN and 45oS. This species dwells in deeper water than other tunas and shows extensive vertical movements. Spawning occurs in tropical waters. From spawning grounds bigeye migrate into temperate water as they grow. Young fish associate with other tunas such as yellowtail and skipjack, often under FADs. This association weakens as they grow larger.
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Thunnus obesus
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Billfish
|
Species such as marlin, sailfish and spearfish that have an elongated, sword-like or spear-like snout and upper jaw. This term is defined in the Fisheries (Commercial Fishing) Regulations 2001; and the commercial and amateur Auckland and Kermadec fishing regulations.
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|
Biodiversity
|
The variety and diversity of all life on land, in freshwater and in the sea, including the places where they live. This term is defined in the Resource Management Act 1991 and the Fisheries Act 1996.
|
|
Biological diversity
|
|
|
Biological diversity
|
The variety and diversity of all life on land, in freshwater and in the sea, including the places where they live. This term is defined in the Resource Management Act 1991 and the Fisheries Act 1996.
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|
Biodiversity
|
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|
Biological Reference Point
|
A benchmark against which the biomass or abundance of the stock or the fishing mortality rate (or exploitation rate), or catch itself can be measured in order to determine stock status. These reference points can be targets, thresholds or limits depending on their intended use.
|
BRP
|
Reference point
|
F0.1
|
|
Biomass
|
The size of the stock in units of weight. Often, biomass refers to only one part of the stock (eg spawning biomass, recruited biomass or vulnerable biomass, the latter two of which are essentially equivalent).
|
B
|
|
|
|
Biomass at maximum economic yield
|
Average biomass corresponding to maximum economic yield as estimated from the assessment model applied.
|
BMEY
|
|
|
|
Biomass limit reference point
|
The point beyond which the risk to the stock is regarded as unacceptably high (terminology used, for example, by ICES).
|
BLIM
|
|
|
|
Biosecurity
|
The division of MAF charged with leadership of the New Zealand biosecurity system. It encompasses facilitating international trade, protecting the health of New Zealanders and ensuring the welfare of our environment, flora and fauna, marine life and Maori resources. Refer to www.biosecurity.govt.nz for more information.
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|
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
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Biota
|
Living things.
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|
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|
Biotoxins
|
Natural toxins produced by organisms, often for defence.
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|
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Bony fish
|
Fish with a bony skeleton and a single pair of external gill openings.
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Bootstrap
|
A statistical methodology used to quantify the uncertainty associated with estimates obtained from a model. The bootstrap is often based on Monte Carlo re-sampling of residuals from the initial model fit.
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|
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|
BPA
|
Any area established by the Fisheries (Benthic Protection Areas) Regulations 2007 as being a BPA.
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|
Benthic Protection Area
|
|
|
Breezing
|
A type of behavior of schooling fish (such as skipjack) on the ocean surface. Schools that are “breezing” are generally quite mobile giving an appearance of the passage of wind over water.
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|
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|
BRP
|
A benchmark against which the biomass or abundance of the stock or the fishing mortality rate (or exploitation rate), or catch itself can be measured in order to determine stock status. These reference points can be targets, thresholds or limits depending on their intended use.
|
|
Biological Reference Point; Reference point
|
F0.1
|
|
By Catch Trade-Off
|
An arrangement under the Fisheries Act 1983, whereby a fisher could use quota for one species to cover bycatch for which no quota was held; repealed under the Fisheris Act 1996.
|
BCTO
|
|
|
|
Bycatch
|
Fish species, or size classes of those species, that are caught in association with key target species.
|
|
|
Non-fish bycatch; non-target species
|
|
C
|
The total weight (or sometimes number) of fish caught by fishing operations.
|
|
Catch
|
|
|
CAAQ
|
An agreement (under FA83 only), whereby if one fisher had taken catch without the appropriate quota, the catch could be deducted (under prior arrangement) from another fisher's quota holding; repealed under FA96.
|
|
Catch Against Another's Quota
|
|
|
Cage culture
|
A type of aquaculture in which fish are grown-on in enclosures in open water; also referred to as fish farming or sea ranching.
|
|
Fish farming; sea ranching
|
|
|
Carrying capacity
|
The average stock size expected in the absence of fishing. Even without fishing the stock size varies through time in response to stochastic environmental conditions.
|
|
|
Virgin biomass (B0)
|
|
Cartilaginous fish
|
Fish that have skeletons made of cartilage eg sharks.
|
|
|
|
|
Catch
|
The total weight (or sometimes number) of fish caught by fishing operations.
|
C
|
|
|
|
Catch Against Another's Quota
|
An agreement (under FA83 only), whereby if one fisher had taken catch without the appropriate quota, the catch could be deducted (under prior arrangement) from another fisher's quota holding; repealed under FA96.
|
CAAQ
|
|
|
|
Catch Effort Landing Return
|
A fishing return combining catch effort data for a variety of fishing methods along with landing data for each fishing trip. They are only used by fishers using fishing methods that do not have their own method-specific return.. This information provides MFish with catch and effort data for stock assessment purposes and landing data that can be used as a starting point for product flow monitoring.
|
CELR
|
|
|
|
Catch Landing Return
|
Records actual landings for a vessel. CLRs are only filled in if the fisher also fills in trawl catch, effort, and processing returns; lining catch effort returns; lining trip catch effort returns; trawl catch effort returns; squid jigging catch effort returns or tuna longlining catch effort returns. One form is used for each trip. This term is defined in the Fisheries (Reporting) Regulations 2001.
|
CLR
|
|
|
|
Catch per unit of effort
|
The quantity of fish caught with one standard unit of fishing effort eg the number of fish taken per 1000 hooks per day; or the weight of fish taken per hour of trawling. CPUE is often assumed to be an abundance index. A declining CPUE may mean that more effort eg metres of net set and/or length of soak time, is required to catch a given volume of fish. This in turn may indicate that a fish stock has declined (although other factors can also influence rates of CPUE, particularly for species that have patchy or clumped distributions).
|
CPUE
|
|
|
|
Catchability
|
Catchability is the proportion of fish that are caught by a defined unit of fishing effort. The constant relating an abundance index to the true biomass (the abundance index is approximately equal to the true biomass multiplied by the catchability).
|
q
|
|
|
|
Catch-at-age data
|
Data on the number of fish of each age group in the catch of a fishery, usually derived from the lengths of fish in representative samples of the catch.
|
|
|
|
|
Catch-at-length data
|
Data on the number of fish of each length group in the catch of a fishery, usually obtained by measuring the lengths of fish in representative samples of the catch but occasionally derived from individual weights of fish.
|
|
|
|
|
Catch-at-weight data
|
Data on the number of fish of each weight group in the catch of a fishery, usually obtained by measuring the individual weights of fish in representative samples of the catch.
|
|
|
|
|
CAY
|
The one year catch calculated by applying a reference fishing mortality, FREF, to an estimate of the fishable biomass at the beginning of the fishing year.
|
|
Current annual yield
|
Maximum Average Yield
|
|
CCAMLR
|
The Commission is responsible for the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources. New Zealand is a member of the Commission.
|
|
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
|
|
|
CCSBT
|
The RFMO responsible for the assessment and management of Southern Bluefin Tuna, of which New Zealand is a member. Refer to http://www.ccsbt.org/docs/about.html for more details.
|
|
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
|
|
|
CELR
|
A fishing return combining catch effort data for a variety of fishing methods along with landing data for each fishing trip. They are only used by fishers using fishing methods that do not have their own method-specific return.. This information provides MFish with catch and effort data for stock assessment purposes and landing data that can be used as a starting point for product flow monitoring.
|
|
Catch Effort Landing Return
|
|
|
CFL
|
A tool used by MFish to limit the entry of new fishers into a fishery prior to its establishment in the QMS.
|
|
Controlled Fishery License
|
|
|
CITES
|
CITES is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Refer to http://www.cites.org/ for more information.
|
|
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
|
|
|
Closed areas
|
Areas where a form of fishing restriction applies. For example, some areas may be closed to all fishers to protect juvenile fish and local reef species. Other areas may be closed to certain types of commercial bulk fishing methods eg trawling, but not to other more targeted types of fishing such as longlining.
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|
|
|
|
Closed season
|
Closed seasons are an important management tool for some fisheries. Some areas are closed for a specific time to protect the fish stocks by reducing the opportunities people have to fish them. They are also used to limit fishing effort to a part of the year or to protect a species for a period of time when they are in poor condition eg scallops.
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|
|
Open Season
|
|
CLR
|
Records actual landings for a vessel. CLRs are only filled in if the fisher also fills in trawl catch, effort, and processing returns; lining catch effort returns; lining trip catch effort returns; trawl catch effort returns; squid jigging catch effort returns or tuna longlining catch effort returns. One form is used for each trip. This term is defined in the Fisheries (Reporting) Regulations 2001.
|
|
Catch Landing Return
|
|
|
Coefficient of Variation
|
A statistic commonly used to represent variability or uncertainty. For example, if a biomass estimate has a CV of 0.2 (or 20%), this means that the error in this estimate (the difference between the estimate and the true biomass) will typically be about 20% of the estimate.
|
CV
|
|
|
|
Cohort
|
Those individuals of a stock born in the same spawning season. For annual spawners, a year’s recruitment of new individuals to a stock is a single cohort or year-class.
|
|
|
|
|
Cohort analysis
|
A technique for estimating the magnitude of fishing mortality and the number of fish at each age in a stock by tracing the history of the cohorts.
|
|
|
|
|
Collapsed
|
Stocks that are below the hard limit are deemed to be collapsed.
|
|
|
Harvest Strategy; Harvest Strategy Standard
|
|
Commencement date
|
The date when an Act or Regulation (or part of it) first has the force of law.
|
|
|
|
|
Commercial fishing
|
Taking fish, aquatic life, or seaweed in circumstances where a fishing permit is required. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
|
|
|
|
|
Commercial Stakeholder Organisation
|
The New Zealand Seafood Industry Council is an industry-owned company with its shares held by Commercial Stakeholder Organisations (CSOs). As shareholders, these CSOs form the bulk of the Council's membership. CSOs are companies or associations owned by rights-holders that represent the interests of those rights-holders. In effect, this means CSOs can represent and manage the specific affairs of a particular fishery (eg rock lobster), a geographic area (eg northern inshore fisheries), specific fish stock (eg PAU2) or a group of stocks. Refer to www.seafood.co.nz for more information.
|
CSO
|
|
|
|
Commercial value
|
The value of landings to commercial fishers.
|
|
|
|
|
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
|
The Commission is responsible for the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources. New Zealand is a member of the Commission.
|
CCAMLR
|
|
|
|
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
|
The RFMO responsible for the assessment and management of Southern Bluefin Tuna, of which New Zealand is a member. Refer to http://www.ccsbt.org/docs/about.html for more details.
|
CCSBT
|
|
|
|
Concurrence
|
The role of the Ministers of Fisheries and Transport in applications made under the Marine Reserves Act 1971 for establishing a marine reserve. During concurrence, the Minister of Fisheries is required to independently take into account the same matters the Minister of Conservation considers. These matters are outlined in section 5(6) of the Marine Reserves Act 1971. The Minister of Fisheries focuses particularly on those matters within his or her portfolio, namely commercial, recreational, and customary fishing, and the effects of the marine reserve upon those types of fishing. Matters considered under section 5(6) include whether or not the marine reserve will: (1) Interfere unduly with any estate or interest in land in or adjoining the proposed reserve; (2) Interfere unduly with any existing right of navigation; (3) Interfere unduly with commercial fishing; (4) Interfere unduly with or adversely affect any existing usage of the area for recreational purposes; and (5) Otherwise be contrary to the public interest. If the Ministers of Fisheries and Transport do not grant concurrence, the marine reserve cannot be established.
|
|
|
|
|
Conspecific
|
Individuals that are members of the same species.
|
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf
|
The submerged border of a continent that slopes gradually and extends to a point of steeper descent to the ocean bottom.
|
|
|
|
|
Continental slope
|
Region of the outer edge of a continent between the generally shallow continental shelf and the deep-ocean floor, usually demarcated from the shelf by the 200 m isobath.
|
|
|
|
|
Control rules
|
Agreed responses that management must make under pre-defined circumstances regarding stock status.
|
|
Harvest control rules; orDecision rules
|
|
|
Controlled Fishery License
|
A tool used by MFish to limit the entry of new fishers into a fishery prior to its establishment in the QMS.
|
CFL
|
|
|
|
Coordinated Universal Time
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UTC is the same as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Refer to: http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com for more information.
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UTC
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Greenwich Mean Time
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Cost
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Includes both direct and indirect costs.
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Cost recovery
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The process of obtaining payment, from one or more fishers, or groups of fishers, to cover some or all fisheries management costs arising from management activities.
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Cottage industry
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Small, locally owned businesses usually associated with low relative yield and limited technology.
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CPUE
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The quantity of fish caught with one standard unit of fishing effort eg the number of fish taken per 1000 hooks per day; or the weight of fish taken per hour of trawling. CPUE is often assumed to be an abundance index. A declining CPUE may mean that more effort eg metres of net set and/or length of soak time, is required to catch a given volume of fish. This in turn may indicate that a fish stock has declined (although other factors can also influence rates of CPUE, particularly for species that have patchy or clumped distributions).
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Catch per unit of effort
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Crustaceans
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Aquatic animals with gills and a dorsal carapace or shell eg crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps and barnacles.
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CSO
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The New Zealand Seafood Industry Council is an industry-owned company with its shares held by Commercial Stakeholder Organisations (CSOs). As shareholders, these CSOs form the bulk of the Council's membership. CSOs are companies or associations owned by rights-holders that represent the interests of those rights-holders. In effect, this means CSOs can represent and manage the specific affairs of a particular fishery (eg rock lobster), a geographic area (eg northern inshore fisheries), specific fish stock (eg PAU2) or a group of stocks. Refer to www.seafood.co.nz for more information.
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Commercial Stakeholder Organisation
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Current Annual Yield
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The one year catch calculated by applying a reference fishing mortality, FREF, to an estimate of the fishable biomass at the beginning of the fishing year.
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CAY
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Maximum Average Yield
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Customary catch
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Catch taken by tangata whenua to meet their customary needs.
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Customary fishing
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The traditional rights confirmed by the Treaty of Waitangi and the Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992, being the taking of fish, aquatic life, or seaweed or managing of fisheries resources, for a purpose authorised by Tangata Kaitiaki / Tiaki, including koha, to the extent that such purpose is consistent with Tikanga Maori and is neither commercial in any way nor for monetary gain or trade. This term is defined in the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998.
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Customary food gathering
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Non-commercial fishing; Recreational fishing
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Customary food gathering
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The traditional rights confirmed by the Treaty of Waitangi and the Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992, being the taking of fish, aquatic life, or seaweed or managing of fisheries resources, for a purpose authorised by Tangata Kaitiaki / Tiaki, including koha, to the extent that such purpose is consistent with Tikanga Maori and is neither commercial in any way nor for monetary gain or trade. This term is definin in the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998.
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Customary fishing
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Non-commercial fishing; Recreational fishing
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Customary regulations
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Either the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998 or the Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1999. Also regulation 27/27A of the Fisheries (Amateur Fishing) Regulations 1986 and section 186/186 A & B of the Fisheries Act 1996.
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CV
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A statistic commonly used to represent variability or uncertainty. For example, if a biomass estimate has a CV of 0.2 (or 20%), this means that the error in this estimate (the difference between the estimate and the true biomass) will typically be about 20% of the estimate.
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Coefficient of Variation
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Danish seining
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A fishing method where a net bag is operated by a long rope fixed to each end. The net encircles, herds, and traps the fish. This term is defined in various commercial fishing regulations.
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Decision rules
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Agreed responses that management must make under pre-defined circumstances regarding stock status.
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Control rules; orHarvest control rules
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Deemed value
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Deemed values are set for each fish stock in the QMS. They are set at a level to discourage fishers from targeting fish in excess of ACE and at the same time encourage them to land and report unintended by-catch. When the amount of a fisher’s reported catch is more than the amount of ACE owned, the fisher is issued with a deemed value invoice. MFish sets both interim and annual deemed value rates for each quota management stock. The annual deemed value rate for a stock will always be higher than the interim deemed value rate. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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DV
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Interim deemed value; Annual deemed value
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Deepwater species
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Species that are harvested at depths ranging from 500-1000 metres. The main concentrations of deepwater species in NZs EEZ are between 40-55 degrees South. Key species include orange roughy, oreos and cardinal fish.
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Demersal fish
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Bottom feeding fish.
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Department of Conservation
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The central government organisation charged with conserving the natural and historic heritage of New Zealand on behalf of and for the benefit of present and future New Zealanders. Refer to www.doc.govt.nz for more information.
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DoC
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Dependent and/or associated species
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Species taken or otherwise affected by the taking of any harvested species. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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Depleted
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Stocks that are below the soft limit are deemed to be depleted. Stocks can become depleted through overfishing, or environmental factors, or a combination of both.
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Depletion
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Reducing the biomass of a fish stock through fishing.
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Stock depletion
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Deposit feeders
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Organisms that feed by ingesting particles of sediment and metabolising organic matter in or on the particles eg sea cucumber.
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Developing fishery
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A fishery where the stock is believed to be well above BMSY and has only recently been discovered. This is because a new stock of a known species has been found, or a new species discovered, or because catching and processing technologies and/or new markets have developed.
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Development (of fisheries)
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Transition from exploratory and experimental fishing to the establishment of commercial activities and markets, with the ultimate goal of sustained long-term fishing.
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Ecologically sustainable development
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Dinoflagellates
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One of the main groups of marine phytoplankton. Some of these tiny organisms are responsible for red tide and other forms of algal blooms.
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Discarding
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A less emotive description for the disposal (or ‘dumping’ or ‘trashing’) of unsaleable catch, dead or alive, during or after fishing operations.
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Bycatch; non-target species
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DoC
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The central government organisation charged with conserving the natural and historic heritage of New Zealand on behalf of and for the benefit of present and future New Zealanders. Refer to www.doc.govt.nz for more information.
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Department of Conservation
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Drag netting
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A fishing method where a net and a length of rope are used to surround fish out from and back to the shore and retrieved by hauling onto the shore. This term is defined by the Fisheries (Commercial Fishing) Regulations 2001 and various other commercial and amateur fishing regulations.
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Beach Seining
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Dredging
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A fishing method used to target scallops and oysters. When dredging for scallops, a rigid steel framed dredge is towed along the sea floor. When dredging for oysters, a steel ring mesh is used. Dredge is defined in various commercial and amateur fishing regulations.
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Dressed fish
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Fish that have been scaled, gutted, and had gills removed. The head and tail are intact.
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Dressed weight
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Weight of the carcass after processing (eg gills and viscera removed).
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Drift netting
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A fishing method used for catching pelagic fish. The vessel remains tied to one end of the net to stop it drifting too far. Fish swim into the net and are caught behind the gills. Drift net is defined in the Auckland and Kermadec commercial and amateur fishing regulations; and the Driftnet Prohibition Act 1991.
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DV
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Deemed values are set for each fish stock in the QMS. They are set at a level to discourage fishers from targeting fish in excess of ACE and at the same time encourage them to land and report unintended by-catch. When the amount of a fisher’s reported catch is more than the amount of ACE owned, the fisher is issued with a deemed value invoice. MFish sets both interim and annual deemed value rates for each quota management stock. The annual deemed value rate for a stock will always be higher than the interim deemed value rate. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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Deemed value
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Annual deemed value: Interim deemed value
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Echo sounders
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Instruments that send out an acoustic pulse in the water and measure distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return.
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Ecologically sustainable development
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Using, conserving and enhancing the community’s resources so that ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained, and the total quality of life now and in the future, can be increased.
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Ecologically sustainable development
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Using, conserving and enhancing the community’s resources so that ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained, and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be increased.
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Development (of fisheries)
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Ecosystem
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An interacting system of living and non-living parts such as sunlight, air, water, minerals, nutrients, plants and animals.
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Eel weirs
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A type of fence placed in a stream or river to catch and retain eels.
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EEZ
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A maritime zone over which the coastal state has sovereign rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. Usually, a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (nm) (approx 370 km) out from its coast, except where resulting points would be closer to another country. New Zealand has a 200nm EEZ that was declared in 1978. The EEZ formally extends from the Territorial Sea at 12nm (from the coastline) to 200nm. This term is defined in the Territorial Sea and Exclusive Zone Act 1977.
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Exclusive Economic Zone
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Territorial sea
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Ehouhounamu
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Red moki.
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Mara teo
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Enhancement
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Human interventions that augment the productive capacity of natural fish stocks. This generally involves releasing reared young into the wild.
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Epibenthic species
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Animals, plants, or other organisms growing on the seafloor.
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Benthic species; Infaunal species
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Equilibrium
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A theoretical model result that arises when the fishing mortality, exploitation pattern and other fishery or stock characteristics (growth, natural mortality, recruitment) do not change from year to year.
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Established Under-Fishing Entitlement
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A quota right available under the Fisheries Act 1983 only.
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EUE
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Estuary
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The wide part of a river where it nears the sea and fresh and salt water mix.
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EUE
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A quota right available under the Fisheries Act 1983 only.
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Established Under-Fishing Entitlement
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Exclusive Economic Zone
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A maritime zone over which the coastal state has sovereign rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. Usually, a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (nm) (approx 370 km) out from its coast, except where resulting points would be closer to another country. New Zealand has a 200nm EEZ that was declared in 1978. The EEZ formally extends from the Territorial Sea at 12nm (from the coastline) to 200nm. This term is defined in the Territorial Sea and Exclusive Zone Act 1977.
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EEZ
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Territorial sea
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Expired legislation
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Legislation that has been revoked, is spent, has been disallowed, or has expired. It is no longer in force.
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Revoked legislation
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Exploitable biomass
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That portion of a stock’s biomass that is available to the fishery.
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Recruited biomass; orVulnerable biomass
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Exploitation pattern
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The relative fraction of each age or size class of a stock that is vulnerable to fishing.
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Exploitation rate
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The proportion of the recruited or vulnerable biomass that is caught during a certain period, usually a fishing year.
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F
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That part of the total mortality rate applying to a fish stock that is caused by fishing.
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Fishing mortality rate
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F%SPR
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A level of fishing mortality that reduces the spawning (biomass) per recruit to x% of the unfished spawner-per-recruit (SPR) level (e.g. F20%, F30%, F40%).
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F0.1
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A biological reference point. It is the fishing mortality rate at which the increase in equilibrium yield per recruit in weight per unit of effort is 10% of the yield per recruit produced by the first unit of effort on the unexploited stock (ie the slope of the yield per recruit curve for the F0.1 rate is only 1/10th of the slope of the yield per recruit curve at its origin).
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FHIGH
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Developed by ICES as a reference point that is equal to the inverse of the 10th percentile of the recruits per spawning biomass observed in the fishery, year classes fished at this level will on average replace themselves for the recruits per spawning biomass observed in 10% of the years.
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FLIM
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The point above which the removal rate from the stock is too high (terminology used, for example, by ICES).
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Fishing mortality limit reference point
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FLOW
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Two ICES Working Groups on Fish Stock Assessment contrived FHIGH and FLOW reference points as the fishing mortality that produces a spawning biomass per recruit that is equal to the inverse of the 10th and 90th percentile of the recruits per spawning biomass observed in the fishery. Year classes fished at this level will on average replace themselves for the recruits per spawning biomass observed in 10% and 90% of the years (respectively).
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FMAX
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A biological reference point. It is the fishing mortality rate that maximises equilibrium yield per recruit. FMAX is the fishing mortality level that defines growth overfishing. In general, FMAX is different from FMSY (the fishing mortality that maximises sustainable yield), and is always greater than or equal to FMSY, depending on the stock-recruitment relationship.
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FMED
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A proxy for recruitment overfishing. FMED is the equivalent of the recruits per spawning stock biomass that have been above the replacement level in half the years. The usefulness of this reference point is dependant on the level of exploitation of the stock in question. It will result underestimation of FMED if the stock has only been lightly exploited. FMED is viewed as a limit reference point as fishing mortality rates higher than FMED lead to stock decline.
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FMEY
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The fishing mortality corresponding to the maximum (sustainable) economic yield.
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FMSY
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A biological reference point. It is the fishing mortality rate that, if applied constantly, would result in an average catch corresponding to the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and an average biomass corresponding to BMSY.
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FMSY
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FMSY
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FREF
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The level of (instantaneous) fishing mortality that, if applied every year, would, within an acceptable level of risk, maximise the average catch from the fishery.
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FREP
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A biological reference point that corresponds to the fishing mortality rate that on average allows for replacement of successive generations over the observed range of S-R data. FREP = FMED
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FA96
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An Act (a) to reform and restate the law relating to fisheries resources; and (b) to recognise New Zealand's international obligations relating to fishing; and (c) to provide for related matters. This is the principal Act that contains most of New Zealand’s fisheries law.
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Fisheries Act 1996
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FAAQ
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A registered agreement between two fishers, whereby the catch of one fisher is recorded against the quota held by the other fisher. The agreement has to be established prior to the fish being taken, otherwise a CAAQ agreement would be used. Available under the FA83 only.
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Fishing Against Another's Quota
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FAO
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The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Refer to www.fao.org for more information.
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Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)
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FAP
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Following an initial position paper developed for consultation purposes, the Minister of Fisheries is provided with a document outlining MFish’s final advice, recommendations and summary of submissions.
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Final Advice Paper
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FCF
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A national body that represents the interests of owner-operator commercial fishermen in New Zealand. The Federation represents members' interests at national, regional and local association levels and, where appropriate, on an individual basis. Refer to http://www.nzfishfed.co.nz/ for more information.
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New Zealand Federation of Commercial Fishermen; The Federation
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FCV
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A fishing vessel registered with consent by the Ministry of Fisheries under section 103(4) of the Fisheries Act 1996. The vessel is then chartered to a New Zealand operator.
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Foreign Charter Vessel; Foreign owned New Zealand fishing vessel
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Domestic charter vessel; Recreational charter vessel
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FFA
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The Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency strengthens national capacity and regional solidarity so its members can manage, control and develop their tuna fisheries now and in the future. Refer to www.ffa.int for more information.
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Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency
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FFV
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A foreign vessel issued a licence by the Minister of Fisheries under section 83 of the Fisheries Act 1996. The vessel is allowed to take a portion of the TACC within New Zealand's EEZ or a portion of the catch limit (if any) of a stock not subject to the QMS, including HMS stocks.
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Foreign fishing vessel
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Filter feeders
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Species that trap food particles as they pump water through a filter eg cockle.
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FIN
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A client number allocated to a person. This term is defined in the fisheries regulations.
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Fisher Identification Number
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Final Advice Paper
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Following an initial position paper developed for consultation purposes, the Minister of Fisheries is provided with a document outlining MFish’s final advice, recommendations and summary of submissions.
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FAP
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Finfish
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Fish with fins, as distinguished from shellfish. It includes boney fishes, cartilaginous fishes and jawless fishes. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996 and in some regulations.
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Fish farming
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A type of aquaculture in which fish are grown-on in enclosures in open water; also referred to as fish farming or sea ranching.
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Cage culture; sea ranching
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Fisher Identification Number
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A client number allocated to a person. This term is defined in the fisheries regulations.
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FIN
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Fisheries Act 1996
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An Act (a) to reform and restate the law relating to fisheries resources; and (b) to recognise New Zealand's international obligations relating to fishing; and (c) to provide for related matters. This is the principal Act that contains most of New Zealand’s fisheries law.
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FA96
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The Act
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Fisheries Assessment Working Group
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A Fisheries Assessment Working Group.
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FWAG
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Fisheries management activity
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The exercise of any function, duty or power (including the provision of fisheries services and activities) carried out directly or indirectly, in relation to fishers, in order to ensure the fisheries goal is achieved. This definition is based on a view that, while there are many roles in achieving the overall goal, it is possible to separate the relevant activities into two sorts; management activity and fishing activity. It includes the receipt and use of Government, or other, funds as part of supporting fisheries management activity.
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Fisheries Management Area
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The New Zealand 200 nm EEZ is divided into 10 areas, each known as a Fishery Management Area. FMAs are based on likely stock boundaries as well as administrative considerations. The standard FMAs are the basis of QMAs for most fish stocks. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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FMA
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Fishery Management Area
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Fisheries Management Plan
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A fisheries plan specifies what the government, tangata whenua and stakeholders want to achieve for a specific fishery (the objectives), and associated implementation strategies and services (including research, regulations and compliance) to achieve those objectives. Fisheries plans may relate to one or more stocks, or geographical areas. A fisheries plan will typically outline objectives for a fishery or group of fisheries, and strategies for achieving those objectives. Fisheries plans can be either stakeholder-led or Ministry-led. If Ministry-led they will be developed in collaboration with stakeholders.
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FMP
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Fisheries Plan
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Fisheries Management Planning Unit
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A Unit or Group that provides the primary process for tangata whenua and stakeholder participation in Objectives-Based Fishery Management. One or more FMUs are drawn together as a group to establish and operate a fisheries management plan. FMUs/FPAGs range from large to small and operate at a scale that enables timely decisions on risks to management outcomes. A range of management activities, stock performance and fisher-use objectives drawn together around a “fishery” is an example of a FMU/FPAG.
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FMU
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Fisheries Plan Advisory Group
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Fisheries Plan
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A fisheries plan specifies what the government, tangata whenua and stakeholders want to achieve for a specific fishery (the objectives), and associated implementation strategies and services (including research, regulations and compliance) to achieve those objectives. Fisheries plans may relate to one or more stocks, or geographical areas. A fisheries plan will typically outline objectives for a fishery or group of fisheries, and strategies for achieving those objectives. Fisheries plans can be either stakeholder-led or Ministry-led. If Ministry-led they will be developed in collaboration with stakeholders.
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FMP
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Fisheries Management Plan
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Fisheries Related Mortality Limit
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The maximum allowable number of accidental or incidental deaths of any marine mammals as a result of fishing.
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FRML
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Fisheries stakeholders
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Groups who derive value from the use of fisheries resources or have a strong interest in the sustainable utilisation of fisheries resources. This includes tangata whenua, commercial, customary, and recreational fishers and environmental interests.
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Fishery Management Area
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The New Zealand 200 nm EEZ is divided into 10 areas, each known as a Fishery Management Area. FMAs are based on likely stock boundaries as well as administrative considerations. The standard FMAs are the basis of QMAs for most fish stocks. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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FMA
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Fisheries Management Area
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Fishing Against Another's Quota
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A registered agreement between two fishers, whereby the catch of one fisher is recorded against the quota held by the other fisher. The agreement has to be established prior to the fish being taken, otherwise a CAAQ agreement would be used. Available under the FA83 only.
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FAAQ
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Fishing down
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The consequence of fishing on a virgin stock is to reduce stock biomass down to an average level corresponding to an “optimal” rate at which the stock is to be exploited. The period over which fishing reduces the stock from its initial level to a target level is referred to as the fishing down phase.
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Fishing mortality limit reference point
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The point above which the removal rate from the stock is too high (terminology used, for example, by ICES).
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FLIM
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Fishing mortality rate
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That part of the total mortality rate applying to a fish stock that is caused by fishing.
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F
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Fishing Otherwise Than From A Vessel
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An agreement that authorises specific (named) people to take of fish, aquatic life, or seaweed otherwise than from a vessel, under the authority of a fishing permit. The agreement must be notified to the Ministry before the fish, aquatic life, or seaweed are taken.
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FOTFAV
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Fishing year
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For most fish stocks, the fishing year runs from 1 October in one year to 30 September in the next. The second year is often used as shorthand for the split years eg 2005 is shorthand for 2004-05. Some shellfish and rock lobster have a fishing year that commences on 1 April. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Flounder
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Any one of the species of fish known as flatfish eg black flounder, brill, greenback flounder, lemon sole, NZ sole, sand flounder, turbot and yellowbelly flounder. This term is defined in the Auckland and Kermadecs amateur fishing regulations.
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FMA
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The New Zealand 200 nm EEZ is divided into 10 areas, each known as a Fishery Management Area. FMAs are based on likely stock boundaries as well as administrative considerations. The standard FMAs are the basis of QMAs for most fish stocks. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Fisheries Management Area; Fishery Management Area
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FMP
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A fisheries plan specifies what the government, tangata whenua and stakeholders want to achieve for a specific fishery (the objectives), and associated implementation strategies and services (including research, regulations and compliance) to achieve those objectives. Fisheries plans may relate to one or more stocks, or geographical areas. A fisheries plan will typically outline objectives for a fishery or group of fisheries, and strategies for achieving those objectives. Fisheries plans can be either stakeholder-led or Ministry-led. If Ministry-led they will be developed in collaboration with stakeholders.
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Fisheries Management Plan; Fisheries Plan
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FMU
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A Unit or Group that provides the primary process for tangata whenua and stakeholder participation in Objectives-Based Fishery Management. One or more FMUs are drawn together as a group to establish and operate a fisheries management plan. FMUs/FPAGs range from large to small and operate at a scale that enables timely decisions on risks to management outcomes. A range of management activities, stock performance and fisher-use objectives drawn together around a “fishery” is an example of a FMU/FPAG.
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Fisheries Management Planning Unit; Fisheries Plan Advisory Group
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Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)
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The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Refer to www.fao.org for more information.
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FAO
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FOTFAV
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An agreement that authorises specific (named) people to take of fish, aquatic life, or seaweed otherwise than from a vessel, under the authority of a fishing permit. The agreement must be notified to the Ministry before the fish, aquatic life, or seaweed are taken.
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Fishing Otherwise Than From A Vessel
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FPAG
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A Unit or Group that provides the primary process for tangata whenua and stakeholder participation in Objectives-Based Fishery Management. One or more FMUs are drawn together as a group to establish and operate a fisheries management plan. FMUs/FPAGs range from large to small and operate at a scale that enables timely decisions on risks to management outcomes. A range of management activities, stock performance and fisher-use objectives drawn together around a “fishery” is an example of a FMU/FPAG.
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Fisheries Management Planning Unit; Fisheries Plan Advisory Group
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FRML
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The maximum allowable number of accidental or incidental deaths of any marine mammals as a result of fishing.
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Fisheries Related Mortality Limit
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FWAG
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A Fisheries Assessment Working Group.
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Fisheries Assessment Working Group
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Gamefish
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Large fish hunted for sport.
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Gear restrictions
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These are usually imposed to protect young fish eg mesh size restrictions, net size restrictions and restrictions on how a net can be set; or to limit bycatch problems.
|
|
|
|
|
Generation time
|
The average time taken for an individual to replace itself within a stock or population.
|
|
|
|
|
Geographical Information System
|
An organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information. A GIS can combine relational databases with spatial interpretation and outputs often in form of maps.
|
GIS
|
|
|
|
GIS
|
An organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information. A GIS can combine relational databases with spatial interpretation and outputs often in form of maps.
|
|
Geographical Information System
|
|
|
Global Positioning System
|
A satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense.
|
GPS
|
|
|
|
GMITQ
|
Guaranteed Minimum Individual Transferable Quota.
|
|
Guaranteed Minimum Individual Transferable Quota
|
|
|
GMT
|
UTC is the same as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Refer to: http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com for more information.
|
|
Coordinated Universal Time; Greenwich Mean Time
|
|
|
GMTTQ
|
Guaranteed Minimum Term Transferable Quota.
|
|
Guaranteed Minimum Term Transferable Quota
|
|
|
GPS
|
A satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense.
|
|
Global Positioning System
|
|
|
Greenweight
|
The weight of fish, aquatic life, or seaweed before any processing commences and before any part is removed. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
|
|
|
|
|
Greenwich Mean Time
|
UTC is the same as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Refer to: http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com for more information.
|
GMT
|
Coordinated Universal Time
|
|
|
Growth overfishing
|
Growth overfishing occurs when the fishing mortality rate is above FMAX. This means that individual fish are caught before they have a chance to reach their maximum growth potential.
|
|
|
|
|
Guaranteed Minimum Individual Transferable Quota
|
Guaranteed Minimum Individual Transferable Quota.
|
GMITQ
|
|
|
|
Guaranteed Minimum Term Transferable Quota
|
Guaranteed Minimum Term Transferable Quota.
|
GMTTQ
|
|
|
|
Hakura
|
Large groper.
|
|
|
|
|
Hanea
|
Black mussel.
|
|
|
|
|
Hangenge
|
Garfish; Piper fish.
|
|
|
|
|
Hanikura
|
Shellfish.
|
|
|
|
|
Hao
|
Mud eel; silver conger eel.
|
|
|
|
|
Hapu
|
Sub-tribe.
|
|
|
|
|
Hapuka
|
Groper.
|
|
Hapuku
|
|
|
Hapuku
|
Groper.
|
|
Hapuka
|
|
|
Hapukupuku
|
Young kahawai.
|
|
Kopapa; Koria
|
|
|
Hard limit
|
Biomass limit below which fisheries should be considered for closure.
|
|
|
|
|
Harvest control rules
|
Agreed responses that management must make under pre-defined circumstances regarding stock status.
|
|
Control rules; orDecision rules
|
|
|
Harvest rights
|
A property right that represents the quota owners share of a fishery. There are 100 million shares in each fishstock. The amount of shares owned determines the amount of ACE generated each fishing year. ITQs can be bought or sold. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
|
ITQ
|
Individual Transferable Quota
|
|
|
Harvest strategy
|
For the purpose of the Harvest Strategy Standard, a harvest strategy simply specifies target and limit reference points and management actions associated with achieving the targets and avoiding the limits.
|
|
|
|
|
Harvest Strategy Standard
|
The HSS requires that target and limit biological reference points be set for all QMS fishstocks, but is flexible about the means by which this is achieved.
|
HSS
|
|
|
|
HFO
|
HFOs are volunteers with the powers of a Fishery Officer. They assist the Ministry to educate recreational fishers on recreational fishing rules and to enforce those rules when they are breached. The term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
|
|
Honorary Fishery Officer
|
|
|
Hinaki
|
Eel weir.
|
|
Parahunuhunu
|
|
|
Hoka
|
Ling; red cod.
|
|
|
|
|
Hokai
|
Ling.
|
|
Hokorari
|
|
|
Hoki
|
Hoki; blue hake.
|
|
|
|
|
Hokorari
|
Ling.
|
|
Hokai
|
|
|
Honorary Fishery Officer
|
HFOs are volunteers with the powers of a Fishery Officer. They assist the Ministry to educate recreational fishers on recreational fishing rules and to enforce those rules when they are breached. The term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
|
HFO
|
|
|
|
Hopuhopu
|
Hector's dolphin; mullet.
|
|
|
|
|
Horopeka
|
Bronze whaler.
|
|
|
|
|
HSS
|
The HSS requires that target and limit biological reference points be set for all QMS fishstocks, but is flexible about the means by which this is achieved.
|
|
Harvest Strategy Standard
|
|
|
Huangi
|
Cockle.
|
|
Kuwharu
|
|
|
Hui
|
Meeting or gathering.
|
|
|
|
|
ICCAT
|
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna
|
|
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna
|
|
|
ICES
|
ICES coordinates and promotes marine research on oceanography, the marine environment, the marine ecosystem, and on living marine resources in the North Atlantic. Members of the ICES community now include all coastal states bordering the North Atlantic and the Baltic Sea, with affiliate members in the Mediterranean Sea and southern hemisphere. Refer to http://www.ices.dk/aboutus/aboutus.asp for more information.
|
|
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
|
|
|
Ihe
|
Garfish.
|
|
|
|
|
Illegal, unreported and unregulated [fishing]
|
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activity.
|
IUU
|
|
|
|
In force
|
An Act or Regulation that has the force of law.
|
|
|
|
|
Inanga
|
Whitebait.
|
|
|
|
|
Index
|
A quantitative measure of fish density or abundance, usually as a time series. An abundance index can be specific to an area or to a segment of the population (e.g., mature fish), or it can refer to abundance stock-wide; the index can reflect abundance in numbers or in weight (biomass).
|
|
Abundance index
|
|
|
Individual Quota
|
Individual Quota.
|
IQ
|
|
|
|
Individual Transferable Quota
|
A property right that represents the quota owners share of a fishery. There are 100 million shares in each fishstock. The amount of shares owned determines the amount of ACE generated each fishing year. ITQs can be bought or sold. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
|
ITQ
|
Harvest rights
|
|
|
Infaunal species
|
Animals living within the seafloor sediments.
|
|
|
Benthic species; Epibenthic species
|
|
Initial Position Paper
|
An IPP is developed and released for the purposes of consultation as required under the Fisheries Act 1996. It contains MFish’s initial position providing a basis for consultation with stakeholders.
|
IPP
|
|
|
|
Inmarsat
|
A global mobile satellite communications company. They provide voice and high-speed data services to almost anywhere on the planet - on land, at sea and in the air. Refer to www.inmarsat.com for more information.
|
|
|
|
|
Input controls
|
Fisheries management regulations that limit the amount of effective fishing effort applied to fish stocks through, for example, restrictions on mesh size or related gear restrictions, closed fishing areas or closed seasons, limits on vessel size and capacity and/or limited licensing/permitting.
|
|
|
Output controls
|
|
Inshore fishery
|
Inshore fishery habitats extend from the shore out to depths of about 200 metres at the edge of the continental shelf. Dominant inshore species include snapper, tarakihi, blue cod and trevally.
|
|
|
|
|
Interim deemed value
|
If reported catch for the month is more than fishers’ ACE holdings as at the 15th day of the following month, then they are charged an interim deemed value. Interim deemed values are charged each month for all quota stocks, for the first eleven months of the fishing year for that stock.
|
|
|
Deemed value; Annual deemed value
|
|
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna
|
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna
|
ICCAT
|
|
|
|
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
|
ICES coordinates and promotes marine research on oceanography, the marine environment, the marine ecosystem, and on living marine resources in the North Atlantic. Members of the ICES community now include all coastal states bordering the North Atlantic and the Baltic Sea, with affiliate members in the Mediterranean Sea and southern hemisphere. Refer to http://www.ices.dk/aboutus/aboutus.asp for more information.
|
ICES
|
|
|
|
International Union for Conservation of Nature
|
An organisation that helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. It supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world and brings governments, non-government organizations, United Nations agencies, companies and local communities together to develop and implement policy, laws and best practice. Refer to http://www.iucn.org/about/ for more details.
|
|
IUCN
|
IUCN red list
|
|
Intertidal
|
The area between high and low watermarks.
|
|
|
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Invertebrates or animals without backbones are a diverse assemblage of organisms, exhibiting a range of body forms and life histories. The most common marine groups are molluscs (shellfish, octopus and squid) and crustaceans (crabs, crayfish, prawns, shrimps and barnacles).
|
|
|
|
|
IPP
|
An IPP is developed and released for the purposes of consultation as required under the Fisheries Act 1996. It contains MFish’s initial position providing a basis for consultation with stakeholders.
|
|
Initial Position Paper
|
|
|
IQ
|
Individual Quota.
|
|
Individual Quota
|
|
|
ITQ
|
A property right that represents the quota owners share of a fishery. There are 100 million shares in each fishstock. The amount of shares owned determines the amount of ACE generated each fishing year. ITQs can be bought or sold. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
|
|
Harvest rights; Individual Transferable Quota
|
|
|
IUCN
|
An organisation that helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. It supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world and brings governments, non-government organizations, United Nations agencies, companies and local communities together to develop and implement policy, laws and best practice. Refer to http://www.iucn.org/about/ for more details.
|
|
International Union for Conservation of Nature
|
IUCN red list
|
|
IUCN red list
|
The world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. The overall aim of the Red List is to convey the urgency and scale of conservation problems to the public and policy makers, and to motivate the global community to try to reduce species extinctions. Refer to http://www.iucn.org for more information.
|
|
|
IUCN; International Union for Conservation of Nature
|
|
IUU
|
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activity.
|
|
Illegal, unreported and unregulated [fishing]
|
|
|
Iwi
|
Tribe. This term is defined in the Maori Fisheries Act 2004.
|
|
|
|
|
Jawless fish
|
Fish with sucker-like mouths and rasping teeth eg lampreys and hagfish (blind eels).
|
|
|
|
|
Jigging
|
A fishing method where lines are continuously lowered and retrieved from the fishing vessel. This is usually done at night with powerful lights to attract species such as squid. This term is defined in a Fisheries notice.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaeo
|
Freshwater mussel.
|
|
Koaru
|
|
|
Kahitua
|
Bivalve mollusc.
|
|
|
|
|
Kai
|
Food.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaihi
|
Fisher.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaihi ika hoko
|
Commercial fisher.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaikaikaroro
|
Cockle.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaimoana
|
Seafood. This term is defined in a Fisheries notice.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaiparore
|
Seaweed variety.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaitangata
|
Cats-eye mollusc.
|
|
Korama
|
|
|
Kaitiaki
|
Local guardian or trustee of a specific area. Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki means any person appointed as Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki under the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998 or the Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1999, being a member of the Tangata Whenua or a tangata whenua organisation or their notified representative. A Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki appointed under the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998 or the Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1999 may authorise any individuals, in accordance with these regulations, to take any fish, aquatic life, or seaweed for customary food gathering purposes from within the whole or any part of the area/rohe moana, for which the Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki has been appointed.
|
|
Tangata Kaitiaki / Tiaki
|
|
|
Kakara
|
Whelk; cooks turban mollusc.
|
|
Karawaka
|
|
|
Kakere
|
Hammerhead shark.
|
|
Mango pare
|
|
|
Kanae
|
Mullet.
|
|
Kopuwai
|
|
|
Kapeta
|
Dogfish.
|
|
|
|
|
Karahiwa
|
Pink paua; yellow foot paua.
|
|
Karahiwi Karariwha; Kariwaka; Koea; Marariwha
|
|
|
Karahiwi karariwha
|
Pink paua; yellow foot paua.
|
|
Karahiwa; Kariwaka; Koea; Marariwha
|
|
|
Karakia
|
Prayer.
|
|
|
|
|
Karangahape
|
Shellfish.
|
|
Kowaro
|
|
|
Kararuri
|
Young paua.
|
|
|
|
|
Karati
|
Small snapper.
|
|
|
|
|
Karauria
|
Rock oyster.
|
|
Repe
|
|
|
Karawai
|
Freshwater crayfish.
|
|
Kekewai; Kewai; Maehe
|
|
|
Karawaka
|
Whelk; cooks turban mollusc.
|
|
Kakara
|
|
|
Karengo
|
Seaweed.
|
|
Parengo
|
|
|
Kariwaka
|
Pink paua; yellow foot paua.
|
|
Karahiwa; Karahiwi Karariwha; Koea; Marariwha
|
|
|
Kataha
|
Yellow eyed mullet.
|
|
|
|
|
Katirimu
|
Marble fish.
|
|
Kawikawi; Kehe; Koeae
|
|
|
Kauaeroa
|
Groper.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaumatua
|
Elder.
|
|
Kuia
|
|
|
Kawikawi
|
Marble fish.
|
|
Katirimu; Kehe; Koeae
|
|
|
Kehe
|
Marble fish.
|
|
Katirimu; Kawikawi; Koeae
|
|
|
Kehe
|
Marblefish.
|
|
|
|
|
Kekewai
|
Freshwater crayfish.
|
|
Karawai; Kewai; Maehe
|
|
|
Kewai
|
Freshwater crayfish.
|
|
Karawai; Kekewai; Maehe
|
|
|
Kina
|
Sea eggs/urchins.
|
|
|
|
|
Kina poha
|
Kina out of shell.
|
|
|
|
|
Kirirua
|
Eel (black thick skinned).
|
|
|
|
|
Kiritopuni
|
Variety of eel.
|
|
|
|
|
Klondiking
|
Bringing large ships in to process the fish brought to them by catcher vessels.
|
|
|
|
|
Koakoa
|
Muttonbird.
|
|
|
|
|
Koaru
|
Freshwater mussel.
|
|
Kaeo
|
|
|
Koea
|
Pink paua; yellow foot paua.
|
|
Karahiwa; Karahiwi Karariwha; Kariwaka; Marariwha
|
|
|
Koeae
|
Marble fish.
|
|
Katirimu; Kawikawi; Kehe
|
|
|
Kohuwai
|
Algae.
|
|
|
|
|
Koiero
|
Conger eel.
|
|
Koiro; Koriro
|
|
|
Koinga
|
Grey spiny dogfish.
|
|
|
|
|
Koio
|
Whitefoot paua.
|
|
Marapeka
|
|
|
Koiora moana
|
Sea life.
|
|
|
|
|
Koiro
|
Conger eel.
|
|
Koiero; Koriro
|
|
|
Koki
|
Container made of shark’s stomach or seaweed bladder.
|
|
|
|
|
Kokihi
|
Container made of seaweed bladder.
|
|
|
|
|
Kokirikiri
|
Leatherjacket.
|
|
|
|
|
Kokopu
|
Native trout.
|
|
|
|
|
Kokopurangi
|
Freshwater leech.
|
|
|
|
|
Kokopuruao
|
Freshwater fish.
|
|
|
|
|
Kokoputuna
|
Large eel.
|
|
Kopu Kuwharuwharu
|
|
|
Kokota
|
Flatfish mussel.
|
|
|
|
|
Kokota huripoki
|
Horse mussel.
|
|
Kupa
|
|
|
Komakohuariki
|
Guardian of häpuku fish.
|
|
|
|
|
Kopaopao
|
Variety of eel.
|
|
|
|
|
Kopapa
|
Young kahawai.
|
|
Hapukupuku; Koria
|
|
|
Kopu kuwharuwharu
|
Large eel.
|
|
Kokoputuna
|
|
|
Koputaputa
|
Fish bladder.
|
|
|
|
|
Koputea
|
Cockabully.
|
|
Tïpokapoka
|
|
|
Kopuwai
|
Mullet.
|
|
Kanae
|
|
|
Korama
|
Cats-eye mollusc.
|
|
Kaitangata
|
|
|
Koria
|
Young kahawai.
|
|
Hapukupuku; Kopapa
|
|
|
Koriro
|
Conger eel.
|
|
Koiero; Koiro
|
|
|
Korokoro
|
Lamprey.
|
|
Piharau; Puhikoro; Tuna korokoro
|
|
|
Kotahitanga
|
Solidarity, united, togetherness.
|
|
|
|
|
Kotore moana
|
Sea anemone.
|
|
|
|
|
Koukauaka
|
Kahawai.
|
|
|
|
|
Koura papatea
|
Rock lobster.
|
|
|
|
|
Kowaro
|
Shellfish.
|
|
Karangahape
|
|
|
Kuia
|
Elder.
|
|
Kaumatua
|
|
|
Kuku
|
Mussel.
|
|
Kuku mau; Moe toka
|
|
|
Kuku mau
|
Mussel.
|
|
Kuku; Moe toka
|
|
|
Kuku taurei
|
White fleshed mussel.
|
|
|
|
|
Kumu kumu
|
Gurnard.
|
|
|
|
|
Kupa
|
Horse mussel.
|
|
Kokota huripoki
|
|
|
Kuparu
|
John dory.
|
|
|
|
|
Kutai
|
Mussel.
|
|
|
|
|
Kuwha
|
Pipi.
|
|
|
|
|
Kuwharu
|
Cockle.
|
|
Huangi
|
|
|
Land Earth Station
|
Land Earth Station as used by Inmarsat-C service.
|
LES
|
|
|
|
Length frequency
|
The distribution of numbers at length from a sample of the catch taken by either the commercial fishery or research fishing. This is often estimated based on a sample. Sometimes called a length composition.
|
|
|
|
|
Length-structured stock assessment
|
An assessment of the status of a fish stock that uses an assessment model to estimate how the numbers at length in the stock vary over time.
|
|
|
|
|
LES
|
Land Earth Station as used by Inmarsat-C service.
|
|
Land Earth Station
|
|
|
LFRIR
|
Licensed fish receivers provide FishServe with an annual inventory return each fishing year, which relates to the LFRs annual physical stocktake. It is accompanied by the LFRs annual audit report.
|
|
Licensed Fish Receiver Inventory Return
|
|
|
LFRR
|
A return that records, as at the last day of each calendar month, all fish received during that month. The return is provoded to FishServe by the 15th day after the last day of that calendar month. This term is defined in The Fisheries (Reporting) Regulations.
|
|
Licensed Fish Receiver Return
|
|
|
Licensed Fish Receiver Inventory Return
|
Licensed fish receivers provide FishServe with an annual inventory return each fishing year, which relates to the LFRs annual physical stocktake. It is accompanied by the LFRs annual audit report.
|
LFRIR
|
|
|
|
Licensed Fish Receiver Return
|
A return that records, as at the last day of each calendar month, all fish received during that month. The return is provoded to FishServe by the 15th day after the last day of that calendar month. This term is defined in The Fisheries (Reporting) Regulations.
|
LFRR
|
|
|
|
Limit
|
A biomass or fishing mortality reference point that should be avoided with high probability. The Harvest Strategy Standard defines both soft limits and hard limits.
|
|
|
|
|
Longlining
|
A fishing method that consists of a main line running parallel to the bottom with baited short lines (snoods) attached at intervals. The line is anchored at each end and held at the surface by floats.
|
|
|
|
|
M
|
The natural mortality rate is that part of the total mortality rate applying to a fish stock that is caused by predation and other natural events.
|
|
Natural mortality rate
|
|
|
Mätaitai reserve
|
An identified traditional fishing ground established as a reserve under a customary fishing regulation. A Mätaitai reserve may be managed by tangata whenua for non-commercial purposes, through bylaws approved by the Minister. This term is defined in Fisheries regulations.
|
|
|
|
|
Maehe
|
Freshwater crayfish.
|
|
Karawai; Kekewai; Kewai
|
|
|
MAF
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Their mission is to enhance New Zealand's natural advantage by: encouraging high-performing sectors; developing safe and freer trade; ensuring healthy New Zealanders; and by protecting our natural resources for the benefit of future generations. Refer to www.maf.govt.nz for more information.
|
|
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
|
|
|
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
|
The division of MAF charged with leadership of the New Zealand biosecurity system. It encompasses facilitating international trade, protecting the health of New Zealanders and ensuring the welfare of our environment, flora and fauna, marine life and Maori resources. Refer to www.biosecurity.govt.nz for more information.
|
|
Biosecurity
|
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Mahewa
|
Mollusc.
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Mahinga kai
|
Activity and places of food gathering.
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Makawhiti
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Yellow eyed mullet.
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Maraua
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Maki
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Killer whale (Orca).
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Mako
|
Mako shark.
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MALFiRM
|
With reference to threatened species, the Minister of Conservation determines a level of fishing-related mortality which should allow the species to achieve non-threatened status as soon as reasonably practicable, but in any case within 20 years. In the case of any other marine mammal under section 3E(1)(f) of the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978, the Minister of Conservation determines a level of fishing-related mortality which should neither cause a net reduction in the size of the population nor seriously threaten the reproductive capacity of the species.
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Maximum allowable limit of fishing related mortality
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Mana
|
The spiritual power and authority that can be applied to people, their words and acts.
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Manaaki
|
Hospitality.
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Management strategy
|
A systems approach that links together a stock assessment process and management and monitoring controls, and sometimes also includes research and enforcement needs.
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Management strategy evaluation
|
A procedure whereby alternative management strategies are tested and compared using simulations of stock and fishery dynamics.
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Manamoana
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Status, rights over marine and other water resources.
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Manawhenua
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Status, rights and responsibilities of hapu as residents of their tribe.
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Mango
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Gummy shark.
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Mango pare
|
Hammerhead shark.
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Kakere
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Mango pounamu
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Great blue shark.
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Mango ripi
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Thresher shark.
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Mango tara
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Spiny dogfish.
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Mango ururoa
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Great white shark.
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Manumanu
|
Stingray; skate.
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Mara teo
|
Red moki.
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Ehouhounamu
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Marapeka
|
Whitefoot paua.
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Koio
|
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Marari
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Butterfish.
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Rarii; Taranui
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Marariwha
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Pink paua; yellow foot paua.
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Karahiwa; Karahiwi karariwha; Kariwaka; Koea
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Marateo
|
Orange perch.
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Maraua
|
Yellow eyed mullet.
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Makawhiti
|
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Marine farming
|
The farming of fish or shellfish. The most common species currently being farmed in New Zealand are mussels, oysters and salmon. Aquaculture activities is defined in the Resource Management Act 1991. Aquaculture industry is defined in the Commodity Levies (Mussel, Oyster, and Salmon) Order 2007. Marine farming is defined in the Fisheries Act 1983.
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Aquaculture
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Marine mammals
|
Mammals such as whales, dolphins, fur seals and sea lions.
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Marine Protected Area
|
An area of the marine environment especially dedicated to, or achieving, through adequate protection, the maintenance and/or recovery of biodiversity at the habitat and ecosystem level in a healthy functioning state.
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MPA
|
|
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|
Marine Protection Planning Forum
|
The Marine Protection Planning Forums have the task of engaging with the local community and identifying a range of habitat and ecosystem types which require protection in their coastal marine Biogeographic region, and asked to identify and recommend appropriate MPA locations and management tools that minimise impacts on existing users and Treaty obligations yet still meet the MPA Protection Standard.
|
MPPF
|
|
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Marine Recreational Fisheries Technical Working Group
|
A sub group of the Marine Recreational Fisheries Working Group.
|
RTWG
|
|
|
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Marine reserve
|
Marine reserves are specified areas of the sea and foreshore that are managed to preserve them in their natural state for scientific study or other purposes. Marine reserves may be established in areas that contain underwater scenery, natural features or marine life, of such distinctive quality, or so typical, or beautiful, or unique, that their continued preservation is in the national interest. Within a marine reserve, all marine life is protected and fishing and the removal or disturbance of any living or non-living marine resource is prohibited, except as necessary for permitted monitoring or research. This includes dredging, dumping or discharging any matter or building structures.
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Markov Chain Monte Carlo
|
An approach to stock assessment that provides estimates of uncertainty (posterior distributions) of the quantities of interest in the assessment. The method allows the initial uncertainty (that before the data are considered) to be described in the form of priors. If the data are informative, they will determine the posterior distributions; if they are uninformative, the posteriors will resemble the priors. The initial model runs are called MPD (mode of the posterior distribution) runs, and provide point estimates only, with no uncertainty. Final runs (Markov Chain Monte Carlo runs or MCMCs), which are often very time consuming, provide both point estimates and estimates of uncertainty.
|
MCMC
|
Bayesian analysis; Mode of the (joint) posterior distribution
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Matamoe
|
Eel.
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Paewaru
|
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Matapara
|
Crayfish.
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Maturity
|
The ability of fish to reproduce.
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|
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Maturity ogive
|
A curve describing the proportion of fish of different ages or sizes that are mature.
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|
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Maximum allowable limit of fishing related mortality
|
With reference to threatened species, the Minister of Conservation determines a level of fishing-related mortality which should allow the species to achieve non-threatened status as soon as reasonably practicable, but in any case within 20 years. In the case of any other marine mammal under section 3E(1)(f) of the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978, the Minister of Conservation determines a level of fishing-related mortality which should neither cause a net reduction in the size of the population nor seriously threaten the reproductive capacity of the species.
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MALFIRM
|
|
|
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Maximum average yield
|
The average maximum sustainable yield that can be produced over the long term under a constant fishing mortality strategy, with little risk of stock collapse. A constant fishing mortality strategy means catching a constant percentage of the biomass present at the beginning of each fishing year. MAY is the long-term average annual catch when the catch each year is the CAY.
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MAY
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CAY
|
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Maximum constant yield
|
The maximum sustainable yield that can be produced over the long term by taking the same catch year after year, with little risk of stock collapse.
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MCY
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Maximum economic yield
|
The sustainable catch or effort level for a commercial fishery that allows net economic returns to be maximised. Note that for most practical discount rates and fishing costs MEY will imply that the equilibrium stock of fish is larger than that associated with MSY. In this sense MEY is more environmentally conservative than MSY and should in principle help protect the fishery from unfavorable environmental impacts that may diminish the fish population.
|
MEY
|
|
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Maximum sustainable yield
|
For the purposes of the Harvest Strategy Standard, maximum sustainable yield is the largest long-term average catch or yield that can be taken from a stock under prevailing ecological and environmental conditions. It is the maximum use that a renewable resource can sustain without impairing its renewability through natural growth and reproduction. For most quota management stocks, the total allowable catch is set at a level that either moves the stock towards, or maintains the stock at or above a biomass level that can support the maximum sustainable yield (section 13 of the Fisheries Act 1996). This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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MSY
|
|
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Maximum sustainable yield related reference points
|
MSY related references points include BMSY, FMSY and MSY itself.
|
MSY related reference points
|
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MAY
|
The average maximum sustainable yield that can be produced over the long term under a constant fishing mortality strategy, with little risk of stock collapse. A constant fishing mortality strategy means catching a constant percentage of the biomass present at the beginning of each fishing year. MAY is the long-term average annual catch when the catch each year is the CAY.
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|
Maximum average yield
|
CAY
|
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MBS
|
A system used under the Fisheries Act 1983. It was replaced by ACE from October 2001, by the Fisheries Act 1996. The MBS is still operating with ACE and MHRs instead of Quota and QMRs.
|
|
Monthly Balancing System
|
|
|
MCMC
|
An approach to stock assessment that provides estimates of uncertainty (posterior distributions) of the quantities of interest in the assessment. The method allows the initial uncertainty (that before the data are considered) to be described in the form of priors. If the data are informative, they will determine the posterior distributions; if they are uninformative, the posteriors will resemble the priors. The initial model runs are called MPD (mode of the posterior distribution) runs, and provide point estimates only, with no uncertainty. Final runs (Markov Chain Monte Carlo runs or MCMCs), which are often very time consuming, provide both point estimates and estimates of uncertainty.
|
|
Bayesian analysis; Markov Chain Monte Carlo; Mode of the (joint) posterior distribution
|
|
|
MCY
|
The maximum sustainable yield that can be produced over the long term by taking the same catch year after year, with little risk of stock collapse.
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|
Maximum constant yield
|
|
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MED
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Economic Development works to ensure New Zealand is one of the best places in the world to do business, and to make a real difference to the country's economic performance. Refer to www.med.govt.nz for more information.
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Ministry of Economic Development
|
|
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MES
|
Mobile Earth Station as used by Inmarsat-C service.
|
|
Mobile Earth Station
|
|
|
MEY
|
The sustainable catch or effort level for a commercial fishery that allows net economic returns to be maximised. Note that for most practical discount rates and fishing costs MEY will imply that the equilibrium stock of fish is larger than that associated with MSY. In this sense MEY is more environmentally conservative than MSY and should in principle help protect the fishery from unfavorable environmental impacts that may diminish the fish population.
|
|
Maximum economic yield
|
|
|
MFAT
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade works to make New Zealand's voice heard overseas and contributes directly to the security and well-being of all New Zealanders. Refer to www.mfat.govt.nz for more information.
|
|
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
|
|
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MFish
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Fisheries. Works to ensure that fisheries are used in a sustainable way and that we have a healthy aquatic ecosystem by researching fisheries, managing the process for access and allocation of fisheries and ensuring that everyone who uses New Zealand’s fisheries comply with the rules and regulations that govern and protect them.
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|
Ministry of Fisheries; Te Tautiaki i nga tini a Tangaroa
|
|
|
MHR
|
A return required to be submitted to FishServe by all fishing permit holders and other persons. A return is to be completed for each calendar month for all fish taken during that month, there are some exceptions to this rule. The rules are defined in the Fisheries (Reporting) Regulations 2001.
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Monthly Harvest Return
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|
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Middle-depth species
|
Species that are harvested at depths ranging from 200-500 metres. Key species include hoki, hake and ling.
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|
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Mid-year biomass
|
The biomass after half the year’s catch has been taken.
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|
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Milt
|
Fish sperm.
|
|
|
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Minimum legal size
|
The minimum size of fish which may be taken.
|
MLS
|
|
|
|
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Their mission is to enhance New Zealand's natural advantage by: encouraging high-performing sectors; developing safe and freer trade; ensuring healthy New Zealanders; and by protecting our natural resources for the benefit of future generations. Refer to www.maf.govt.nz for more information.
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MAF
|
|
|
|
Ministry of Economic Development
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Economic Development works to ensure New Zealand is one of the best places in the world to do business, and to make a real difference to the country's economic performance. Refer to www.med.govt.nz for more information.
|
MED
|
|
|
|
Ministry of Fisheries
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Fisheries. Works to ensure that fisheries are used in a sustainable way and that we have a healthy aquatic ecosystem by researching fisheries, managing the process for access and allocation of fisheries and ensuring that everyone who uses New Zealand’s fisheries comply with the rules and regulations that govern and protect them.
|
MFish
|
Te Tautiaki i nga tini a Tangaroa
|
|
|
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade works to make New Zealand's voice heard overseas and contributes directly to the security and well-being of all New Zealanders. Refer to www.mfat.govt.nz for more information.
|
MFAT
|
|
|
|
MLS
|
The minimum size of fish which may be taken.
|
|
Minimum legal size
|
|
|
Mobile Earth Station
|
Mobile Earth Station as used by Inmarsat-C service.
|
MES
|
|
|
|
Mode of the (joint) posterior distribution
|
An approach to stock assessment that provides estimates of uncertainty (posterior distributions) of the quantities of interest in the assessment. The method allows the initial uncertainty (that before the data are considered) to be described in the form of priors. If the data are informative, they will determine the posterior distributions; if they are uninformative, the posteriors will resemble the priors. The initial model runs are called MPD (mode of the posterior distribution) runs, and provide point estimates only, with no uncertainty. Final runs (Markov Chain Monte Carlo runs or MCMCs), which are often very time consuming, provide both point estimates and estimates of uncertainty.
|
MPD
|
Bayesian analysis; Markov Chain Monte Carlo
|
|
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Model
|
A conceptual and simplified idea of how the ‘real world’ works.
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|
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Moe toka
|
Mussel.
|
|
Kuku; Kuku mau
|
|
|
Moeoneone
|
Toheroa; bass; groper.
|
|
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Moepapa
|
Eel.
|
|
|
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Mohimohi
|
Pilchard.
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|
|
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Mohitarakau
|
Freshwater fish.
|
|
|
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Mokowhiti
|
Herring.
|
|
|
|
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Mollusc
|
Invertebrates having soft unsegmented bodies usually enclosed in a shell eg mussels, scallops, oysters, pipi and cockles.
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|
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|
|
Monte Carlo simulation
|
An approach whereby the inputs that are used for a calculation are re-sampled many times assuming that the inputs follow known statistical distributions. The Monte Carlo method is used in many applications such as Bayesian analyses, parametric bootstraps and stochastic projections.
|
|
|
|
|
Monthly Balancing System
|
A system used under the Fisheries Act 1983. It was replaced by ACE from October 2001, by the Fisheries Act 1996. The MBS is still operating with ACE and MHRs instead of Quota and QMRs.
|
MBS
|
|
|
|
Monthly Harvest Return
|
A return required to be submitted to FishServe by all fishing permit holders and other persons. A return is to be completed for each calendar month for all fish taken during that month, there are some exceptions to this rule. The rules are defined in the Fisheries (Reporting) Regulations 2001.
|
MHR
|
|
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Morihana
|
Carp.
|
|
|
|
|
MPA
|
An area of the marine environment especially dedicated to, or achieving, through adequate protection, the maintenance and/or recovery of biodiversity at the habitat and ecosystem level in a healthy functioning state.
|
|
Marine Protected Area
|
|
|
MPD
|
An approach to stock assessment that provides estimates of uncertainty (posterior distributions) of the quantities of interest in the assessment. The method allows the initial uncertainty (that before the data are considered) to be described in the form of priors. If the data are informative, they will determine the posterior distributions; if they are uninformative, the posteriors will resemble the priors. The initial model runs are called MPD (mode of the posterior distribution) runs, and provide point estimates only, with no uncertainty. Final runs (Markov Chain Monte Carlo runs or MCMCs), which are often very time consuming, provide both point estimates and estimates of uncertainty.
|
|
Bayesian analysis; Markov Chain Monte Carlo; Mode of the (joint) posterior distribution
|
|
|
MPPF
|
The Marine Protection Planning Forums have the task of engaging with the local community and identifying a range of habitat and ecosystem types which require protection in their coastal marine Biogeographic region, and asked to identify and recommend appropriate MPA locations and management tools that minimise impacts on existing users and Treaty obligations yet still meet the MPA Protection Standard.
|
|
Marine Protection Planning Forum
|
|
|
MSY
|
For the purposes of the Harvest Strategy Standard, maximum sustainable yield is the largest long-term average catch or yield that can be taken from a stock under prevailing ecological and environmental conditions. It is the maximum use that a renewable resource can sustain without impairing its renewability through natural growth and reproduction. For most quota management stocks, the total allowable catch is set at a level that either moves the stock towards, or maintains the stock at or above a biomass level that can support the maximum sustainable yield (section 13 of the Fisheries Act 1996). This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
|
|
Maximum sustainable yield
|
|
|
MSY related reference points
|
MSY related references points include BMSY, FMSY and MSY itself.
|
|
Maximum sustainable yield related reference points
|
|
|
MSY-compatible reference points
|
MSY-compatible references points include BMSY, FMSY and MSY itself, as well as analytical and conceptual proxies for each of these three quantities.
|
|
|
|
|
NABIS
|
The Ministry of Fisheries geospatial data management tool, that provides spatial and visual representations of our marine biological and fisheries management data.
|
|
National Aquatic Biodiversity Information System
|
|
|
NAFO
|
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization.
|
|
|
|
|
National Aquatic Biodiversity Information System
|
The Ministry of Fisheries geospatial data management tool, that provides spatial and visual representations of our marine biological and fisheries management data.
|
NABIS
|
|
|
|
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
|
A Crown Research Institute that carries out a large amount of fisheries research under contract to the Ministry of Fisheries.
|
NIWA
|
|
|
|
National Plan Of Action
|
An NPOA sets out national strategic approaches, goals and objectives to conserve, reduce and manage the impacts on a given species or subject, in New Zealand, to ensure long-term sustainability, eg seabirds and sharks. An NPOA may be developed from an International Plan of Action.
|
NPOA
|
|
|
|
Natural mortality
|
Deaths from predation, cannibalism, disease, starvation or aging (does not include deaths caused by fishing).
|
|
|
|
|
Natural mortality rate
|
The natural mortality rate is that part of the total mortality rate applying to a fish stock that is caused by predation and other natural events.
|
M
|
|
|
|
Near or above target levels
|
Describes the present status of the stock relative to its target (usually BMSY, the average biomass resulting from some variation of an MCY or CAY strategy).
|
|
|
|
|
New Zealand Daylight Time
|
The time in New Zealand that takes account of daylight saving. New Zealand Standard Time is currently defined in the Time Act 1974 as meaning the 12 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time. The Department of Internal Affairs administers the Act.
|
NZDT
|
|
|
|
New Zealand Federation of Commercial Fishermen
|
A national body that represents the interests of owner-operator commercial fishermen in New Zealand. The Federation represents members' interests at national, regional and local association levels and, where appropriate, on an individual basis. Refer to www.nzfishfed.co.nz for more information.
|
FCF
|
The Federation
|
|
|
New Zealand Gazette
|
The Government's official newspaper. It is published by the New Zealand Gazette Office (part of the Department of Internal Affairs). Regulations are notified in The Gazette after they are made, but before they come into force. Internal Notices are published in The Gazette.
|
|
The Gazette
|
|
|
New Zealand Recreational Fishing Council
|
The Council is involved in many issues affecting recreational fishers plus in the processes of management and consultation carried out by the Government. The Council is recognised by the Government as representing the recreational fishers and public (by default) as it is the only body fully representing all types of fishers in NZ. Refer to www.recfish.co.nz for more information.
|
NZRFC
|
|
|
|
New Zealand Seafood Industry Council
|
The New Zealand Seafood Industry Council Ltd works on behalf of the New Zealand seafood industry. The industry is made up of about 2500 participating enterprises, including fishermen and aquaculturists and family-owned, publicly listed and joint venture seafood companies, fisheries management organisations and retailers. The Council is a company owned by the industry. Its main areas of focus are in shaping policies and the industry's regulatory framework, lobbying for surety of access to fisheries, reducing tariffs, working co-operatively on fisheries management and environmental issues, and providing an avenue for funding for scientific research and value-added innovation. This term is defined in a Fisheries order. Refer to http://www.seafood.co.nz for more information.
|
SeaFIC
|
|
|
|
New Zealand Standard Time
|
The time in New Zealand that ignores daylight saving. New Zealand Standard Time is currently defined in the Time Act 1974 as meaning the 12 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time. The Department of Internal Affairs administers the Act.
|
NZST
|
|
|
|
Ngaeo
|
Freshwater mussel.
|
|
|
|
|
Ngaeti
|
Periwinkle.
|
|
|
|
|
Ngaiore
|
Young smelt.
|
|
Rangiriri
|
|
|
Ngakihi
|
Limpet; rock oyster.
|
|
|
|
|
Ngehe
|
Kelpfish.
|
|
|
|
|
Ngerongero
|
Blue shark.
|
|
|
|
|
Ngerungeru
|
Bronze whaler shark.
|
|
|
|
|
Ngohi
|
Fish (general term).
|
|
|
|
|
Ngohongoho
|
Freshwater fish.
|
|
|
|
|
Ngoiro
|
Eels; conger eel.
|
|
Totokau
|
|
|
Ngorengore
|
Young eel; smelt.
|
|
|
|
|
Ngutoro
|
Bass.
|
|
|
|
|
Nguture
|
Seafish.
|
|
|
|
|
NIWA
|
A Crown Research Institute that carries out a large amount of fisheries research under contract to the Ministry of Fisheries.
|
|
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
|
|
|
Non-commercial fishing
|
Recreational fishing and customary fishing.
|
|
|
Customary fishing; Recreational fishing
|
|
Non-fish bycatch
|
Anything that is not a fish that fishers may accidentally catch while targeting a specific fish or invertebrate species. This includes, but is not limited to, turtles, bryozoans and protected species.
|
|
|
Bycatch
|
|
Non-target species
|
Species that are unintentionally taken by a fishery or not routinely assessed for fisheries management.
|
|
|
Bycatch
|
|
NORA
|
The Ministry's database of fisheries related legislation, grouped by notices, orders, reguations and Acts. The purpose of this database is to make fisheries law more accessible and transparent, and to enable the Ministry and stakeholders to work together to improve the effectiveness and relevance of the rules, and through that, enhance the value and sustainability of our fisheries.
|
|
Notices, Orders, Regulations and Acts Database
|
|
|
Not yet in force
|
Legislation that has not yet commenced. It does not have the force of law until it commences.
|
|
|
|
|
Notices, Orders, Regulations and Acts Database
|
The Ministry's database of fisheries related legislation, grouped by notices, orders, reguations and Acts. The purpose of this database is to make fisheries law more accessible and transparent, and to enable the Ministry and stakeholders to work together to improve the effectiveness and relevance of the rules, and through that, enhance the value and sustainability of our fisheries.
|
NORA
|
|
|
|
NPOA
|
An NPOA sets out national strategic approaches, goals and objectives to conserve, reduce and manage the impacts on a given species or subject, in New Zealand, to ensure long-term sustainability, eg seabirds and sharks. An NPOA may be developed from an International Plan of Action.
|
|
National Plan Of Action
|
|
|
NZDT
|
The time in New Zealand that takes account of daylight saving.
|
|
New Zealand Daylight Time
|
|
|
NZRFC
|
The Council is involved in many issues affecting recreational fishers plus in the processes of management and consultation carried out by the Government. The Council is recognised by the Government as representing the recreational fishers and public (by default) as it is the only body fully representing all types of fishers in NZ. Refer to www.recfish.co.nz for more information.
|
|
New Zealand Recreational Fishing Council
|
|
|
NZST
|
The time in New Zealand that ignores daylight saving.
|
|
New Zealand Standard Time
|
|
|
Objective
|
The performance level or desired result required under a Fisheries Plan or Resource Plan. Objectives must meet both statutory requirements and performance requirements as outlined by primary legislation and standards respectively. Each objective has a series of management measures, grouped together as a strategy.
|
|
|
|
|
Offal
|
The waste parts of a cleaned fish. This term is defined in Fisheries regulations.
|
|
|
|
|
OFR
|
A quota right available under the Fisheries Act 1983 only.
|
|
Overfishing Rights
|
|
|
Oi
|
Mutton bird.
|
|
Titi; Totorore
|
|
|
Open season
|
A period of a year that is not prescribed as a closed season. This term is defined in various fishing regulations.
|
|
|
Closed Season
|
|
Orea
|
Long finned eel.
|
|
|
|
|
Otolith
|
Part of the inner ear of fish important for balance and hearing. This grows from the centre out in a series of daily rings and seasonal bands or growth zones. Otoliths can be used to identify the age of fish.
|
|
|
|
|
Output controls
|
Fisheries management regulations that limit the amount of catch taken from fish stocks through, for example, the implementation of a TAC.
|
|
|
Input controls
|
|
Overexploitation
|
A situation where observed fishing mortality (or exploitation) rates exceed targets.
|
|
|
|
|
Overfished
|
Stocks that are below a biomass limit, such as the soft limit, are frequently referred to as “overfished” (e.g. in the United States). However, the term “depleted” should generally be used in preference to “overfished” because stocks can become depleted through a combination of overfishing and environmental factors, and it is usually impossible to separate the two.
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Overfishing
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Overfishing is deemed to be occurring if FMSY (or relevant proxies) is exceeded on average.
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Overfishing of ACE; Overfishing of a TACC
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Overfishing of a TACC
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Overfishing of a TACC occurs when the commercial catch in a fishing year exceeds the TACC set by the Minister of Fisheries for that fishstock
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Overfishing; Overfishing of ACE
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Overfishing of ACE
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Overfishing of ACE occurs when catch is taken in excess of ACE held by a fisher.
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Overfishing; Overfishing of a TACC
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Overfishing rights
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A quota right available under the Fisheries Act 1983 only.
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OFR
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Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency
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The Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency strengthens national capacity and regional solidarity so its members can manage, control and develop their tuna fisheries now and in the future. Refer to www.ffa.int for more information.
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FFA
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Paea
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Broadbill swordfish.
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Paetai
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Tidal zone.
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Paewaru
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Eel.
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Matamoe
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Paewaru
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Large eel.
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Pahao
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Fish trap.
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Pahiwihiwi
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Kelpfish.
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Paikea
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Humpback whale.
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Pair trawling
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A fishing method where two vessels tow a large netting bag (trawl net) behind them (compare with single trawling). This term is defined in Fisheries regulations.
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Pakirikiri
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Blue cod.
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Rawaru; Patutuki
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Pakirori
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Paua shell hook.
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Pakoko
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Cockabully.
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Pakoro
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Low tide.
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Pamu wera
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Sperm whale.
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Papake
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Whale meat.
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Papatuanuku
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Mother earth.
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Papawai
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Fish basket.
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Tauremu
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Papawhenua
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Eel.
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Parahunuhunu
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Eel weir.
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Hinaki
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Paraki pihi
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Pilot whale.
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Parakiphi
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Parakiphi
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Pilot whale.
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Paraki pihi
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Parangia
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Fish bait.
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Paraoa
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Sperm whale.
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Pararaki
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Offshore breeze.
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Paratohe
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Fry of snapper.
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Parengo
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Seaweed.
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Karengo
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Pari(-a) e te tai
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Tidal.
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Parliamentary Counsel Office
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New Zealand’s law drafting office. Responsible for drafting and publishing most legislation. Does not draft or publish “Internal Notices” which are drafted by the Ministry of Fisheries and published in the New Zealand Gazette.
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PCO
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Patangaroa
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Starfish.
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Patangatanga
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Starfish; sea perch.
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Patati
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Young snapper.
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Patutuki
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Blue cod.
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Rawaru; Pakirikiri
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Pawharu
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Packhorse crayfish.
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PCH
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When a stock is to be introduced into the QMS, PCH is calculated as a first step to assist the final allocation of ITQ to persons with a historical or other interest in the stock. PCH is the total weight of eligible catch reported in a persons eligible returns.
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Provisional catch history
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PCO
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New Zealand’s law drafting office. Responsible for drafting and publishing most legislation. Does not draft or publish “Internal Notices” which are drafted by the Ministry of Fisheries and published in the New Zealand Gazette.
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Parliamentary Counsel Office
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Pelagic fish
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Fish in the water column and near the surface, as distinct from demersal fish, which tend to stay close to the seabed eg swordfish, tuna, kahawai and pilchards. Pelagic fisheries resources is defined in Fisheries rules.
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Permit
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An authority to catch, take or harvest fish, aquatic life or seaweed. A permit is issued by the Ministry of Fisheries, or an organisation approved by the Ministry. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act and various regulations.
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Phytoplankton
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Minute, free-floating aquatic plants.
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Plankton; Zooplankton
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Pia
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Hagfish.
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Tuere
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Piharau
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Lamprey.
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Puhikoro; Korokoro; Tuna korokoro
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Pioka
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Shark; lemonfish.
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Pioke
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Pioke
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Shark; lemonfish.
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Pioka
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Plankton
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Simple forms of life stimulated to grow and multiply by light and nutrients in the water. They form the base of marine and freshwater food chains.
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Phytoplankton; Zooplankton
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Plenary
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The Ministry of Fisheries holds fisheries assessment working groups throughout the year to discuss and review stock assessments. The working group meetings are open to the public, and include researchers, MFish staff, commercial, customary, recreational and environmental stakeholders. Every year in May ‘plenary sessions’ are held to assess the fisheries managed within the QMS, as well as other important fisheries in the New Zealand EEZ, and to discuss various matters that pertain to fishery assessment. A plenary report is then released by 31 May that summarises the conclusions and recommendations from the meetings of the Fishery Assessment Working Groups held during the previous months, as well as the Fishery Assessment Plenary session.
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PMITQ
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Provisional Maximum Individual Transferable Quota.
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Provisional Maximum Individual Transferable Quota
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PMTTQ
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Provisional Maximum Term Transferable Quota.
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Provisional Maximum Term Transferable Quota
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Poha
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Bag made of kelp.
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Poha titi
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Mutton bird bag.
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Population
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A group of fish of one species that shares common ecological and genetic features. The stocks defined for the purposes of stock assessment and management do not necessarily coincide with self-contained populations.
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Population dynamics
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In general, refers to the study of fish stock abundance and how and why it changes over time.
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Porohe
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Mussel.
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Potting
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Fishing methods with pots made from a steel frame covered with wire mesh. They are baited with fish and dropped from the boat on the end of a rope long enough to reach the bottom. The position of the pot is marked with a float. This term is defined in the Auckland and Kermadec amateur fishing regulations.
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Pou Hononga
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Relationship managers (internal MFish role) appointed to improve the Ministry's formal relationships with Maori based on the Crown's obligations under the Deed of Settlement and Treaty of Waitangi settlements.
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Pre-recruit
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An individual that has not yet entered the fished component of the stock (because it is either too young or too small to be vulnerable to the fishery).
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Principal legislation
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The original legislation that is made to implement a policy (as opposed to an amending legislation which makes changes to an existing principle legislation).
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Prior
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Available information (often in the form of expert opinion) regarding the potential range of values of a parameter in a Bayesian analysis. Uninformative priors are used where there is no such information.
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Production model
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A population model that describes how the population biomass changes from year to year (or, how biomass changes in equilibrium as a function of fishing mortality), but which does not keep track of the age or length frequency of the population. The simplest production functions aggregate all of the biological characteristics of growth, natural mortality and reproduction into a simple, deterministic model using three or four parameters. Production models are primarily used in simple data situations, where total catch and effort data are available but age-structured information is either unavailable or deemed to be less reliable (although some versions of production models allow the use of age-structured data).
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Productivity
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Productivity is a function of the biology of a species and the environment in which it lives. It depends on growth rates, natural mortality, age of maturity, maximum average age and other relevant life history characteristics. Species with high productivity are able to sustain higher rates of fishing mortality than species with lower productivity. Generally, species with high productivity are more resilient and take less time to rebuild from a depleted state.
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Projection
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Predictions about trends in stock size and fishery dynamics in the future. Projections are made to address “what-if” questions of relevance to management. Short-term (1-5 years) projections are typically used in support of decision-making. Longer term projections become much more uncertain in terms of absolute quantities, because the results are strongly dependent on recruitment, which is very difficult to predict. For this reason, long-term projections are more useful for evaluating overall management strategies than for making short-term decisions.
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Proportional quota
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Introduced in 1990. Quota was made proportional to the TACC instead of being an absolute tonnage. This meant quota holders’ allocation could easily be raised or lowered in line with TACC changes.
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Protected species
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(a) Any marine wildlife as defined in section 2 of the Wildlife Act 1953 that is absolutely protected under section 3 of that Act: (b) Any marine mammal as defined in section 2(1) of the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act 1996.
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Provision
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A reference to a group of sections in an Act; regulations in a Regulation or clauses in a Notice. Provisions are the basic units of legislation. Each provision deals with a separate subject or idea and has its own number.
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Provisional catch history
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When a stock is to be introduced into the QMS, PCH is calculated as a first step to assist the final allocation of ITQ to persons with a historical or other interest in the stock. PCH is the total weight of eligible catch reported in a persons eligible returns.
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PCH
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Provisional Maximum Individual Transferable Quota
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Provisional Maximum Individual Transferable Quota.
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PMITQ
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Provisional Maximum Term Transferable Quota
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Provisional Maximum Term Transferable Quota.
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PMTTQ
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Provisional quota
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When the QMS was introduced in 1986, provisional quotas were allocated to fishers in proportion to their catch history. The Government had to buy up provisional quotas from commercial fishers through a tender system to reduce the provisional quotas, so the total quota issued equalled the desired TACC for each fish stock; and to allow an appeal process for inaccurate catch histories.
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Proxy
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A surrogate for BMSY, FMSY or MSY that has been demonstrated to approximate one of these three metrics through theoretical or empirical studies.
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Puhikoro
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Lamprey.
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Piharau; Korokoro; Tuna korokoro
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Puhikorokoro
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Yellow eel.
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Puna ika
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Fishing spot.
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Pupu raupo
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Freshwater smelt.
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Purewha
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Mussel.
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Purse seining
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A fishing method where a net is laid in a circle around a school of fish and then the bottom is drawn (pursed) closed, entrapping the fish. This term is defined in Fisheries regulations.
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Putake-harakeke
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Variety of eel.
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Puwekeweke
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Small eel.
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Puwhaiau
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Gurnard.
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q
|
Catchability is the proportion of fish that are caught by a defined unit of fishing effort. The constant relating an abundance index to the true biomass (the abundance index is approximately equal to the true biomass multiplied by the catchability).
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Catchability
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QMA
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Species within the QMS are managed by QMAs. QMAs are geographic areas within the EEZ. The standard fishery management areas are the basis of quota management areas for most fish stocks. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Quota Management Area
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QMR
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A return required to be submitted monthly by quota holders under the Fisheries Act 1983; replaced by MHRs (Monthly Harvest Returns) under the Fisheries Act 1996.
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Quota Management Report
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QMS
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The QMS was introduced in October 1986 and controls the overall catches for virtually all the main fish stocks found within New Zealand’s 200nm EEZ. In the QMS, a total catch limit is set at a sustainable level. Within the TAC, recreational and customary take is allowed for, and other mortality, and a TACC is set. Commercial fishing rights are allocated as ITQ giving the ITQ owner a property right.
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Quota Management System
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QRN
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A unique client number for a person or company.
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Quota Registration Number
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Quota
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Quota is a right which allows people to own a share of the 100 million shares available for a particular species in a defined area. Quota can be bought or sold. Ownership of quota generates an annual catch entitlement to catch that fishstock. Within the commercial catch limit, access is determined by ownership of ACE and the possession of a fishing permit. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Quota Management Area
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Species within the QMS are managed by QMAs. QMAs are geographic areas within the EEZ. The standard fishery management areas are the basis of quota management areas for most fish stocks. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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QMA
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Quota Management Report
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A return required to be submitted monthly by quota holders under the Fisheries Act 1983; replaced by MHRs (Monthly Harvest Returns) under Fisheries Act 1996.
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QMR
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Quota Management System
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The QMS was introduced in October 1986 and controls the overall catches for virtually all the main fish stocks found within New Zealand’s 200nm EEZ. In the QMS, a total catch limit is set at a sustainable level. Within the TAC, recreational and customary take is allowed for, and other mortality, and a TACC is set. Commercial fishing rights are allocated as ITQ giving the ITQ owner a property right.
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QMS
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Quota Registration Number
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A unique client number for a person or company.
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QRN
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Quota species
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A species for which ITQ has been allocated. Initially, in 1986, 27 species were introduced into the QMS. As at October 2008 there are 94 species or species groupings in the QMS (LFE, SFE and OYU are not counted, they are part of ANG and OYS).
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Rërere
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Small crab.
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Rerepai
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Rahui
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A traditional Maori ban on fishing activity.
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Rahui(-tia)
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‘No trespass’ sign; quarantine.
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Rama patiki
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Flounder fishing by torchlight.
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Ranga
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Shoal of fish.
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Rangai ika; Tere
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Rangai ika
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Shoal of fish.
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Ranga; Tere
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Rangatiratanga
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Autonomy, freedom, leadership.
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Rangiriri
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Young smelt.
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Ngaiore
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Rari
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Ling.
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Rarii
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Butterfish.
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Marari; Taranui
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Ratahuihui
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Sunfish.
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Raunui
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Species of eel.
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Rawaho
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Sea breeze.
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Rawaru
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Blue cod.
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Pakirikiri; Patutuki
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Rebuilding plan
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A series of catch or fishing mortality levels designed to rebuild a depleted stock (ie a stock that has fallen below the soft limit) back to the target.
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Recreational fishing
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Fishing under the provisions available for amateur fishers ie the Fisheries (Amateur Fishing) Regulations 1986; and any relevant regional amateur fishing regulations.
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Customary fishing; Non-commercial fishing
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Recruit
|
An individual that has entered the fished component of the stock. Fish that are not recruited are either not catchable by the gear used (e.g. because they are too small) or live in areas that are not fished.
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Recruited biomass
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That portion of a stock’s biomass that is available to the fishery.
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Exploitable biomass; or Vulnerable biomass
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Recruitment
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The addition of new individuals to the fished component of a stock. This is determined by the size and age at which fish are first caught.
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Recruitment overfishing
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Occurs when excessive fishing effort or catch reduces the spawning stock biomass to a level below which future recruitment levels may be jeopardised; this spawning biomass level should correspond closely to the biomass limit reference point.
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Reference point
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A benchmark against which the biomass or abundance of the stock or the fishing mortality rate (or exploitation rate), or catch itself can be measured in order to determine stock status. These reference points can be targets, thresholds or limits depending on their intended use.
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BRP
|
Biological Reference Point
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F0.1
|
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Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
|
RFMOs are multi-lateral organisations with responsibility for coordinating management of highly migratory fish stocks, fish stocks that straddle national fisheries management boundaries, and other high-seas species. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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RFMO
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Regulation
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Laws made by the Governor-General, Ministers of the Crown, or certain other bodies under powers conferred by an Act of Parliament, as defined in the Acts and Regulations Publication Act 1989 and the Regulations (Disallowance) Act 1989.
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Regulation 27/27A
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The regulation which allows for a dispensation under amateur regulations to take fish in differing quantities, sizes and methods specifically for Hui or Tangi.
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Repe
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Rock oyster.
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Karauria
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Repe
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Elephant fish.
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Reperepe
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Reperepe
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Elephant fish.
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Repe
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Reremai
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Basking shark.
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Whaingenge
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Rerepai
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Small crab.
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Rërere
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Reretawa
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Small freshwater fish.
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Resource Management Act 1991
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The purpose of this Act is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources. Refer to www.legislation.govt.nz for more information.
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RMA
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Revoked legislation
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Legislation that has been revoked, is spent, has been disallowed, or has expired. It is no longer in force.
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Expired legislation
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RFMO
|
RFMOs are multi-lateral organisations with responsibility for coordinating management of highly migratory fish stocks, fish stocks that straddle national fisheries management boundaries, and other high-seas species. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
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Rimurimu
|
Seaweed.
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Ririwai
|
Fixed poles in a stream (for nets).
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Risk
|
The combination of the probability of an event and its consequences.
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RMA
|
The purpose of this Act is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources. Refer to www.legislation.govt.nz for more information.
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Resource Management Act 1991
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Rohe
|
A geographical area.
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Rohia
|
Calm sea.
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Rou kokahi
|
Dredge of Kakahi (shellfish).
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RTWG
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A sub group of the Marine Recreational Fisheries Working Group.
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Marine Recreational Fisheries Technical Working Group
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Runanga
|
Leadership council.
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S.113
|
A section of The Fisheries Act 1996 under which foreign vessels that catch fish outside the EEZ can land in a New Zealand port subject to various conditions.
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Section 113 of the Act
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S.113D
|
A section of The Fisheries Act 1996 under which New Zealand flagged vessel may catch and transport fish outside the EEZ.
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|
Section 113D of the Act
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Satellite Service Provider
|
Organisations providing services using communications satellites including VSATs, international telecommunications, TV and audio uplinking, SNG, mobile services and teleports. Refer to http://www.satellite-links.co.uk for more information.
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SSP
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SAV
|
The average historic spawning biomass.
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Sea Lion Exclusion Device
|
This normally consists of a strong grid placed at an angle across the front of the opening of a net. The grids are big enough to let squid swim through but are too small for larger creatures, such as dolphins, seals, sealions, or turtles to get through. They are guided up the grid, by the motion of the water, and can then escape by swimming through an opening in the top of the net. Refer to http://www.seafood.co.nz/n743,87.html for more information.
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SLED
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Sea ranching
|
A type of aquaculture in which fish are grown-on in enclosures in open water; also referred to as fish farming or sea ranching.
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Cage culture; fish farming
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SeaFIC
|
The New Zealand Seafood Industry Council Ltd works on behalf of the New Zealand seafood industry. The industry is made up of about 2500 participating enterprises, including fishermen and aquaculturists and family-owned, publicly listed and joint venture seafood companies, fisheries management organisations and retailers. The Council is a company owned by the industry. Its main areas of focus are in shaping policies and the industry's regulatory framework, lobbying for surety of access to fisheries, reducing tariffs, working co-operatively on fisheries management and environmental issues, and providing an avenue for funding for scientific research and value-added innovation. This term is defined in a Fisheries order. Refer to http://www.seafood.co.nz for more information.
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New Zealand Seafood Industry Council
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Sealord deal
|
The Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act became law in late 1992, and gave effect to the Deed of Settlement, signed in September 1992. This deed (1) settled Maori claims to commercial fishing; (2) clarified Maori rights to customary or non-commercial fishing; and (3) discharged the Crown’s obligations in respect of Maori commercial fishing interests under the Treaty of Waitangi.
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|
Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992.
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Section 113D of the Act
|
A section of The Fisheries Act 1996 under which New Zealand flagged vessel may catch and transport fish outside the EEZ.
|
S.113D
|
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Selectivity ogive
|
Curve describing the relative vulnerability of fish of different ages or sizes to the fishing gear used.
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Services
|
Those things that must occur to implement a Management Measure, eg staff time to develop a code of practice; training for fishery officers; analysis of results etc.
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Set netting
|
A fishing method where a net is placed in the water with floats at the top and weights on the bottom. Fish are caught as they swim into the net.
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Shellfish
|
An aquatic animal, such as a mollusc, or crustacean that has a shell or shell-like exoskeleton eg cockle, oyster. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Siltation
|
The process of covering or obstructing the seabed with silt.
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Single trawling
|
A fishing method where a single vessel tows a large netting bag (trawl net) behind the vessel (compare with pair trawling).
|
|
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SIOFA
|
The Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement. See http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000360/index.html for more details.
|
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|
Size limits
|
These are imposed on most species to protect fish stocks, based on minimising harvests of juvenile fish.
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SJCER
|
Records estimated catch, effort, processing and environment data for squid jiggers. No landing data are recorded so fishers must also fill in a CLR. One form is used for each days fishing.
|
|
Squid Jigging Catch Effort Return
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SLED
|
This normally consists of a strong grid placed at an angle across the front of the opening of a net. The grids are big enough to let squid swim through but are too small for larger creatures, such as dolphins, seals, sealions, or turtles to get through. They are guided up the grid, by the motion of the water, and can then escape by swimming through an opening in the top of the net. Refer to http://www.seafood.co.nz/n743,87.html for more information.
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Sea Lion Exclusion Device
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SLT
|
The Ministry of Fisheries Strategic Leadership Team.
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|
Strategic Leadership Team
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Soft limit
|
A biomass limit below which the requirement for a formal, time-constrained rebuilding plan is triggered.
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SOI
|
The SOI sets out the vision for the Ministry, the strategic direction over the next three years and what is to be achieved in the coming year.
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|
Statement of Intent
|
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|
Sonar
|
Used to measure the density of fish layers under water by transmitting and reflecting sound waves.
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South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
|
The South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation. Refer to http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/ for more details.
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SPRFMO
|
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|
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement
|
The Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement. See http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000360/index.html for more details.
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SIOFA
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Spawning
|
The process whereby male and female fish or aquatic invertebrates aggregate to reproduce.
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Spawning (biomass) per recruit
|
The expected lifetime contribution to the spawning biomass for the average recruit to a fishery. For a given exploitation pattern, rate of growth, maturity schedule and natural mortality, an equilibrium value of SPR can be calculated for any level of fishing mortality. SPR decreases monotonically with increasing fishing mortality.
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SPR
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Spawning biomass
|
The total weight of sexually mature fish in a stock that spawn in a given year.
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Spawning grounds
|
The areas where fish stocks spawn.
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Spotter planes
|
Planes that identify the positions of schools of fish. This method is sometimes used in the kahawai fishery.
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SPR
|
The expected lifetime contribution to the spawning biomass for the average recruit to a fishery. For a given exploitation pattern, rate of growth, maturity schedule and natural mortality, an equilibrium value of SPR can be calculated for any level of fishing mortality. SPR decreases monotonically with increasing fishing mortality.
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|
Spawning (biomass) per Recruit
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SPRFMO
|
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation. Refer to http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/ for more details.
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Squid Jigging Catch Effort Return
|
Records estimated catch, effort, processing and environment data for squid jiggers. No landing data are recorded so fishers must also fill in a CLR. One form is used for each days fishing.
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SJCER
|
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SSP
|
Organisations providing services using communications satellites including VSATs, international telecommunications, TV and audio uplinking, SNG, mobile services and teleports. Refer to http://www.satellite-links.co.uk for more information.
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|
Satellite Service Provider
|
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Stakeholders
|
People or organisations that the Minister of Fisheries considers have an interest in a stock or the effects of fishing on the aquatic environment in a particular area, including Maori, environmental, commercial and recreational interests.
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Standard
|
Mandatory minimums of performance required to ensure outcomes are met. They are clear, specific, measurable statements of results (KPIs) for a fishery. The difference between a standard and a supporting outcome is one of degree rather than kind. In essence a standard is a supporting outcome that has been labelled as such, for the purpose of enabling it to be used in the (subsidiary) management activity occurring within fisheries, and other stock management, plans. Standards are grouped according to the type of component they relate to, namely: (1) management process standards; which will define minimum performance in respect of management activity; and (2) fisheries performance standards; which will define the necessary state or condition of the aquatic environment, including fish stocks, as well as the desirable human benefits.
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|
National fisheries standard; Management process standard
|
|
Statement of Intent
|
The SOI sets out the vision for the Ministry, the strategic direction over the next three years and what is to be achieved in the coming year.
|
SOI
|
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Statute
|
A law passed by Parliament.
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Act
|
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Stock
|
For the purposes of the Fisheries Act 1996, a stock is any fish, aquatic life or seaweed of one or more species that are treated as a unit for the purposes of fisheries management. For the purposes of the Harvest Strategy Standard, a biological stock is a population of a given species that forms a reproductive unit and spawns little if at all with other units. However, there are many uncertainties in defining spatial and temporal geographical boundaries for such biological units that are compatible with established data collection systems. For this reason, the term “stock” is often synonymous with an assessment / management unit, even if there is migration or mixing of some components of the assessment/management unit between areas. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Fish stock
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Stock assessment
|
The application of statistical and mathematical tools to relevant data in order to obtain a quantitative understanding of the status of the stock relative to defined benchmarks or reference points (eg BMSY and/or FMSY). The results may include (1) an estimate of the current biomass relative to biomass targets; (2) an estimate of current and recent exploitation rates relative to optimum exploitation rates; (3) a determination of changes in the biomass of fish stocks in response to fishing; and/or (4) to the extent possible, a prediction of future trends in stock biomass. Stock assessments are based on (1) surveys; (2) knowledge of the habitat requirements, life history, and behaviour of the species; (3) likely environmental impacts on stocks; and (4) catch and effort statistics.
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Stock depletion
|
Reducing the biomass of a fish stock through fishing.
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|
Depletion
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Stock status
|
Refers to a determination made, on the basis of stock assessment results, about the current condition of the stock and of the fishery. Stock status is often expressed relative to biological reference points such as BMSY or B0 or FMSY or F%SPR. For example, the current biomass may be said to be above or below BMSY or to be at some percentage of B0. Similarly, fishing mortality may be above or below FMSY or F%SPR.
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Stock structure
|
(1) The geographical boundaries of the stocks assumed for assessment and management purposes (eg albacore tuna may be assumed to be comprised of two separate stocks in the North Pacific and South Pacific). (2) The boundaries that define self-contained populations in a genetic sense. (3) Known, inferred or assumed patterns of residence and migration for stocks that mix with one another.
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Stock-recruitment relationship
|
An equation describing how the expected number of recruits to a stock varies as the spawning biomass changes. The most frequently used stock-recruitment relationship is the Beverton and Holt equation, in which the expected number of recruits changes very slowly at high levels of spawning biomass.
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Strategic Leadership Team
|
The Ministry of Fisheries Strategic Leadership Team.
|
SLT
|
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|
Subantarctic water
|
The waters flowing to the South of New Zealand.
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Subtropical convergence zone
|
The line along which subantarctic and subtropical waters meet.
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Subtropical water
|
The waters coming from the west as the Tasman Current.
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Surplus production
|
The amount of biomass produced by the stock (through growth and recruitment) over and above that which is required to maintain the [total stock] biomass at its current level. If the catch in each year is equal to the surplus production then the biomass will not change.
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Sustainability
|
The ability of a fish stock to persist in the long-term. Because fish populations exhibit natural variability, it is not possible to keep all stock and fishery attributes at a constant level simultaneously, thus sustainable fishing does not imply that the fishery and stock will persist in a constant equilibrium state. Because of natural variability, even if FMSY could be achieved exactly each year, catches and stock biomass will oscillate around their average MSY and BMSY levels, respectively. In a more general sense, sustainability refers to providing for the needs of the present generation while not compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. In the Fisheries Act 1996, section 8 outlines the purpose of the Act, to “provide for the utilisation of fisheries resources while ensuring sustainability.” The Fisheries Act defines ensuring sustainability as “(a) Maintaining the potential of fisheries resources to meet the reasonably foreseeable needs of future generations; and (b) Avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of fishing on the aquatic environment.”
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Sustainability round
|
Every year, the Ministry of Fisheries reviews the management measures eg catch limits, deemed values, method or area controls etc; for selected New Zealand fisheries. The Ministry prepares an IPP that is released for public consultation. After public comments are received, the Ministry compiles a FAP to the Minister, and the Minister makes decisions on any changes to management measures. Two reviews take place; one to make changes in time for the fishing year that starts on 1 October (for which the IPP is usually released in June); and one for the fishing year starting 1 April. Most fish stocks are managed using a 1 October fishing year. Some shellfish and rock lobster have a 1 April fishing year.
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Sustainable yield
|
The average catch that can be removed from a stock over an indefinite period without causing a further reduction in the biomass of the stock. This could be either a constant yield from year to year, or a yield that fluctuates in response to changes in abundance.
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Tïpokapoka
|
Cockabully.
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Koputea
|
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Tmin
|
The number of years required to rebuild a stock in the absence of fishing; this is a function of three primary factors: the biology of the species, the extent of stock depletion below the target, and the prevailing environmental conditions.
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TAC
|
Total quantity of each fish stock that can be taken by commercial, customary Maori interests, recreational fishery interests and other sources of fishing-related mortality, to ensure sustainability of that fishery in a given period, usually a year. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Total Allowable Catch
|
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TACC
|
Total quantity of each fish stock that the commercial fishing industry can catch in a given year. The TACC is a portion of the TAC that is set after allowances have been made for customary and recreational fishing, and for other sources of fishing-related mortality. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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Total Allowable Commercial Catch
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Tagging
|
A process where fish are caught, their physical characteristics are recorded, and the fish is then tagged and released. When fishers catch tagged fish they return the tags (and if possible the fish) with information on the fish and where the fish was caught. This information is used in stock assessments to determine fish movements, stock structure and population size.
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Tai
|
Sea; tide; coast.
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Tai a Kupe
|
Very high tide.
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Tai koko
|
King tide.
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Tai pari
|
High tide.
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Tai ririki
|
Neap tide.
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Tai timu
|
Ebb tide.
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Taiäpure-local fisheries
|
Coastal fishing areas customarily of special significance to iwi or hapu as a source of food or for spiritual/cultural reasons that can be set up under the Fisheries Act 1996. A management committee nominated by tangata whenua can then propose regulations for management of all fishing within those areas.
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Taihua
|
Seashore from high water mark to low water.
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Taitaia
|
Useless trip (fishing etc).
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Taitapere
|
Local non-commercial fishing zone.
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Takapane
|
Large shark.
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Tawaka
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Takarua
|
Freshwater eel.
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Takeke
|
Garfish.
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Takiwä
|
Geographic region.
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Takutai
|
Sea coast.
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Tamure
|
Snapper.
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Tangahangaha
|
Banded wrasse.
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Tanganga
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Tanganga
|
Banded wrasse.
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Tangahangaha
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Tangaroa
|
The guardian of the sea.
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Tangata Kaitiaki
|
Local guardian or trustee of a specific area. Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki means any person appointed as Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki under the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998 or the Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1999, being a member of the Tangata Whenua or a tangata whenua organisation or their notified representative. A Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki appointed under the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998 or the Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1999 may authorise any individuals, in accordance with these regulations, to take any fish, aquatic life, or seaweed for customary food gathering purposes from within the whole or any part of the area/rohe moana, for which the Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki has been appointed. This term is defined in various Fisheries notices.
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|
Kaitiaki; Tangata Tiaki
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Tangata Whenua
|
Local people. In relation to a particular area means the Whanau, hapu or iwi, being Maori, which hold manawhenua Manamoana. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act and various Fisheries regulations.
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Tangata Tiaki
|
Local guardian or trustee of a specific area. Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki means any person appointed as Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki under the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998 or the Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1999, being a member of the Tangata Whenua or a tangata whenua organisation or their notified representative. A Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki appointed under the Fisheries (Kaimoana Customary Fishing) Regulations 1998 or the Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1999 may authorise any individuals, in accordance with these regulations, to take any fish, aquatic life, or seaweed for customary food gathering purposes from within the whole or any part of the area/rohe moana, for which the Tangata Kaitiaki/Tiaki has been appointed. This term is defined in various Fisheries notices.
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Tangata Kaitiaki; Kaitiaki
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Tangi
|
Funeral.
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Taonga
|
Speciality; treasured item.
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Tapu
|
Sacred.
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Tapui tai moana
|
Marine reserve.
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Apure moana
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Tapurupuru
|
Half grown kahawai.
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Taranui
|
Butterfish.
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Marari; Rarii
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Target
|
Generally, a biomass or fishing mortality level that management actions are designed to achieve with at least a 50% probability.
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Taunga ika
|
Fishing ground.
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Tauremu
|
Fish basket.
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Papawai
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Tawaka
|
Large shark.
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Takapane
|
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|
TCEPR
|
Records estimated catch, effort, processing and environment data for deep-sea trawlers. No landing data are recorded so fishers must also fill in a CLR. One form is used for each days fishing.
|
|
Trawl Catch Effort and Processing Return
|
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|
Te Ohu Kai Moana (Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission)
|
Te Ohu Kaimoana is a statutory organisation dedicated to future advancement of Māori interests in the marine environment. This term is defined in the Maori Fisheries Act 2004 and the Fisheries Act. Refer to www.teohu.maori.nz for more information.
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TOKM
|
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|
Te reo
|
The Maori language.
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Te Tautiaki i nga tini a Tangaroa
|
New Zealand's Ministry of Fisheries. Works to ensure that fisheries are used in a sustainable way and that we have a healthy aquatic ecosystem by researching fisheries, managing the process for access and allocation of fisheries and ensuring that everyone who uses New Zealand’s fisheries comply with the rules and regulations that govern and protect them.
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MFish
|
Ministry of Fisheries
|
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Tere
|
Shoal of fish.
|
|
Ranga; Rangai ika
|
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|
Territorial sea
|
The area from the coastline out to 12nm. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
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The Act
|
An Act (a) to reform and restate the law relating to fisheries resources; and (b) to recognise New Zealand's international obligations relating to fishing; and (c) to provide for related matters. This is the principal Act that contains most of New Zealand’s fisheries law.
|
FA96
|
Fisheries Act 1996
|
|
|
The Federation
|
A national body that represents the interests of owner-operator commercial fishermen in New Zealand. The Federation represents members' interests at national, regional and local association levels and, where appropriate, on an individual basis. Refer to www.nzfishfed.co.nz for more information.
|
FCF
|
New Zealand Federation of Commercial Fishermen
|
|
|
The Gazette
|
The Government's official newspaper. It is published by the New Zealand Gazette Office (part of the Department of Internal Affairs). Regulations are notified in The Gazette after they are made, but before they come into force. Internal Notices are published in The Gazette.
|
|
New Zealand Gazette
|
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Threshold
|
Generally, a biological reference point that raises a “red flag” indicating that biomass has fallen below the target, or fishing mortality has increased above its target, to the extent that additional management action may be required in order to prevent the stock from declining further and possibly breaching the limit.
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Throw netting
|
A method of fishing where a circular net weighted around the edges is thrown over fish in the shallows.
|
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|
Thunnus alulunga
|
A temperate tuna species widely distributed throughout the Pacific. Two albacore stocks (North and South Pacific) are recognised in the Pacific Ocean based on location and seasons of spawning, low longline catch rates in equatorial waters and tag recovery information. The South Pacific albacore stock is distributed from the coast of Australia and archipelagic waters of Papua New Guinea eastward to the coast of South America south of the equator to at least 49ºS. Until the age of maturity (about 5 years) they are found in surface waters, where they are targeted by trolling. Some adult albacore are also caught using surface gears but, as a result of their deeper distribution, they are mainly caught using longlines.
|
|
Albacore
|
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|
Thunnus obesus
|
A widely-distributed species of tuna, ranging between 50oN and 45oS. This species dwells in deeper water than other tunas and shows extensive vertical movements. Spawning occurs in tropical waters. From spawning grounds bigeye migrate into temperate water as they grow. Young fish associate with other tunas such as yellowtail and skipjack, often under FADs. This association weakens as they grow larger.
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Bigeye
|
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Tikanga
|
Principles; way of doing things.
|
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Tikanga Maori
|
Maori principles; way of doing things. This term is defined in the Maori Fisheries Act 2004 and the Fisheries Act.
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Tipuna
|
Ancestor.
|
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Tupuna
|
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|
Titi
|
Mutton bird.
|
|
Oi; Totorore
|
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|
TLCER
|
Records estimated catch, effort, processing and environment data for surface longliners targeting tuna. No landing data are recorded so fishers must also fill in a CLR. One form is used for each days fishing.
|
|
Tuna Longlining Catch Effort Return
|
|
|
To kupenga
|
Trawl.
|
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Tohora
|
Southern right whale.
|
|
Tohoraha
|
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|
Tohoraha
|
Southern right whale.
|
|
Tohora
|
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Toitoi
|
Whitebait.
|
|
|
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|
TOKM
|
Te Ohu Kaimoana is a statutory organisation dedicated to future advancement of Māori interests in the marine environment. This term is defined in the Maori Fisheries Act 2004 and the Fisheries Act. Refer to www.teohu.maori.nz for more information.
|
|
Te Ohu Kai Moana (Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission)
|
|
|
Torehe
|
Fishing net.
|
|
|
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|
Toroi
|
Fermented puha and mussels.
|
|
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|
|
Total Allowable Catch
|
Total quantity of each fish stock that can be taken by commercial, customary Maori interests, recreational fishery interests and other sources of fishing-related mortality, to ensure sustainability of that fishery in a given period, usually a year. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
|
TAC
|
|
|
|
Total Allowable Commercial Catch
|
Total quantity of each fish stock that the commercial fishing industry can catch in a given year. The TACC is a portion of the TAC that is set after allowances have been made for customary and recreational fishing, and for other sources of fishing-related mortality. This term is defined in the Fisheries Act.
|
TACC
|
|
|
|
Total mortality rate
|
The sum of natural and fishing mortality rates.
|
Z
|
|
|
|
Totokau
|
Eels; conger eel.
|
|
Ngoiro
|
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|
Totorore
|
Mutton bird.
|
|
Oi; Titi
|
|
|
Trawl Catch Effort and Processing Return
|
Records estimated catch, effort, processing and environment data for deep-sea trawlers. No landing data are recorded so fishers must also fill in a CLR. One form is used for each days fishing.
|
TCEPR
|
|
|
|
Trawl surveys
|
Fishery independent surveys conducted in a statically valid manner using trawls to estimate the relative abundance of important fish species over short to long-term timeframes.
|
|
|
|
|
Trawling
|
Fishing methods where a single vessel, or a pair of vessels tow a large netting bag (trawl net) behind the vessel. This term is defined in Fisheries regulations.
|
|
|
|
|
Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992
|
The Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act became law in late 1992, and gave effect to the Deed of Settlement, signed in September 1992. This deed (1) settled Maori claims to commercial fishing; (2) clarified Maori rights to customary or non-commercial fishing; and (3) discharged the Crown’s obligations in respect of Maori commercial fishing interests under the Treaty of Waitangi.
|
|
Sealord deal
|
|
|
Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission
|
Te Ohu Kaimoana is a statutory organisation dedicated to future advancement of Māori interests in the marine environment. This term is defined in the Maori Fisheries Act 2004 and the Fisheries Act. Refer to www.teohu.maori.nz for more information.
|
TOKM
|
Te Ohu Kai Moana
|
|
|
Trolling
|
A fishing method where baited hooks or lures are towed behind a vessel. This term is defined in the Auckland and Kermadec amateur fishing regulations.
|
|
|
|
|
Tuare
|
Blind eel or hagfish.
|
|
|
|
|
Tuatini
|
Shark; bronze whaler.
|
|
|
|
|
Tuere
|
Hagfish.
|
|
Pia
|
|
|
Tuna hakaheke
|
Silver belly eel.
|
|
|
|
|
Tuna korokoro
|
Lamprey.
|
|
Piharau; Puhikoro; Korokoro
|
|
|
Tuna Longlining Catch Effort Return
|
Records estimated catch, effort, processing and environment data for surface longliners targeting tuna. No landing data are recorded so fishers must also fill in a CLR. One form is used for each days fishing.
|
TLCER
|
|
|
|
Tupata
|
Edible seaweed.
|
|
|
|
|
Tupuna
|
Ancestor.
|
|
Tipuna
|
|
|
Turbidity
|
Muddiness created by stirring up sediment.
|
|
|
|
|
UNCLOS
|
The Convention that enabled NZ (and other countries) to establish an EEZ out to 200 nautical miles.
|
|
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
|
|
|
Undersized fish
|
Fish that do not meet the minimum legal size (MLS) limit for that fish stock.
|
|
|
|
|
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
|
The Convention that enabled NZ (and other countries) to establish an EEZ out to 200 nautical miles.
|
UNCLOS
|
|
|
|
Upokohue
|
Pilot whale; Hector's dolphin.
|
|
|
|
|
Upwellings
|
Occurs when the wind blows surface water out to sea and deeper water moves up to replace it.
|
|
|
|
|
Uta
|
Shorewards, landwards, inland.
|
|
|
|
|
UTC
|
UTC is the same as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Refer to: http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com for more information.
|
|
Coordinated Universal Time; Greenwich Mean Time
|
|
|
Utilisation
|
In the Fisheries Act 1996, section 8 outlines the purpose of the Act, to “provide for the utilisation of fisheries resources while ensuring sustainability.” Utilisation means conserving, using, enhancing and developing fisheries resources to enable people to provide for their social, economic and cultural well-being.
|
|
|
|
|
Uwheuwhe
|
Spring tides.
|
|
|
|
|
Value-added processing
|
Processing of fish before exporting eg processing hoki to fish fingers or fish cakes.
|
|
|
|
|
Virgin biomass
|
The theoretical carrying capacity of the recruited or vulnerable biomass of a fish stock. In some cases, it refers to the average biomass of the stock in the years before fishing started. More generally, it is the average over recent years of the biomass that theoretically would have occurred if the stock had never been fished. B0 is often estimated from stock modelling and various percentages of it (e.g. 40% B0) are used as biological reference points (BRPs) to assess the relative status of a stock.
|
B0
|
|
|
|
VME
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A marine ecosystem is classified as 'vulnerable' based on the characteristics that it possesses, such as uniqueness or rarity; functional significance of the habitat; fragility; life-history traits of component species that make recovery difficult; and structural complexity. Examples are seamounts and deepwater coral forests. Refer to http://www.ices.dk for more informaton.
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Vulnerable marine ecosystem
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von Bertalanffy equation
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An equation describing how fish increase in length as they grow older. The mean length (L) at age a is L = L.(1-e-k(a-t0)) where L is the average length of the oldest fish, k is the average growth rate and t0 is a constant.
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Vulnerable biomass
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The portion of a stock’s biomass that is available to the fishery.
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Exploitable Biomass; or Recruited Biomass
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Vulnerable marine ecosystem
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A marine ecosystem is classified as 'vulnerable' based on the characteristics that it possesses, such as uniqueness or rarity; functional significance of the habitat; fragility; life-history traits of component species that make recovery difficult; and structural complexity. Examples are seamounts and deepwater coral forests. Refer to http://www.ices.dk for more information.
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VME
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Waahi Tapu
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Sacred area.
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Wahapu
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Estuary, river mouth.
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Wahi noho
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Habitat.
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Waipuna
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Spring of water.
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Warehenga
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Kingfish.
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Wharehenga
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WCPFC
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A Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (RFMO) responsible for assessing and managing highly migratory species (eg tunas, billfish and pelagic sharks) in the western and central Pacific.
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Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
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Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
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A Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (RFMO) responsible for assessing and managing highly migratory species (eg tunas, billfish and pelagic sharks) in the western and central Pacific.
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WCPFC
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Whaikeo
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Stingray.
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Whaingenge
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Basking shark.
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Reremai
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Whairepo
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Stingray.
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Whanau
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Family; sub-group of a Hapu.
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Wharehenga
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Kingfish.
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Warehenga
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Wharepu
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Variety of shark.
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Wheke
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Octopus.
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Year class (cohort)
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Fish in a stock that were born in the same year. Occasionally, a stock produces a very small or very large year class which can be pivotal in determining stock abundance in later years.
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Yield
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Catch expressed in terms of weight.
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Yield per Recruit
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The expected lifetime yield for the average recruit. For a given exploitation pattern, rate of growth, and natural mortality, an equilibrium value of YPR can be calculated for each level of fishing mortality. YPR analyses may play an important role in advice for management, particularly as they relate to minimum size controls.
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YPR
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YPR
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The expected lifetime yield for the average recruit. For a given exploitation pattern, rate of growth, and natural mortality, an equilibrium value of YPR can be calculated for each level of fishing mortality. YPR analyses may play an important role in advice for management, particularly as they relate to minimum size controls.
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Yield per Recruit
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Z
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The sum of natural and fishing mortality rates.
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Total mortality rate
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Zooplankton
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Animal plankton eg mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae.
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Plankton; Phytoplankton
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